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Bio225 Exam 4 > Gas Exchange 1 > Flashcards

Gas Exchange 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the air

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
0.9% Argon
0.037% CO2

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2
Q

What is an important variable in respiratory gas exchange

A

Rate of diffusion

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3
Q

Diffusion of gas is influenced by: (5 items)

A 
Solubility of the gas in the medium (water, air)
Partial pressure gradient
Temperature
Distance for diffusion
Surface area for diffusion
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4
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

Rate of diffusion = Diffusion coefficient * SArea * Pressure gradient

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5
Q

Rate of diffusion is smallest when ___

A

The distance is at its smallest

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6
Q

What is the diffusion coefficient

A

Index of ease of diffusion of a particular substance through a given medium

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7
Q

The diffusion coefficient depends on what

A

Temperature and solubility

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8
Q

The pressure of the gas is a measure of ____

A

the thermodynamic activity of the gas molecules

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9
Q

Dalton’s Law of Pressures

A

Each gas exerts its own partial pressure. The sum of the partial pressures = total pressure and is proportional to the total number of gas molecules

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10
Q

What is the Ideal gas law?

A

PV=nRT

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11
Q

What is P equivalent to in the Ideal gas law?

A

P=(nRT)/V

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12
Q

Partial pressure depends on ___

A

Temperature of the gas

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13
Q

If the temperature increases and volume is not constant, what will happen?

A

The volume will increase & pressure stays constant & concentration of gas decreases

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14
Q

If temperature increases and volume is constant, what will happen?

A

Pressure increases & concentration of gas stays the same

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15
Q

What does a gas need to do before it diffuses into a cell?

A

Dissolve into the liquid

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16
Q

The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is dependent on ___

A

Partial pressure in air & solubility in the liquid

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17
Q

What is Henry’s Law

A

Concentration of gas dissolved in liquid = Partial pressure of gas in atmosphere * Solubility of gas in liquid

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18
Q

What has a large effect on solubility of gases in liquids?

A

Temperature & salinity

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19
Q

What is Graham’s Law

A

Diffusion of a gas in a liquid is proportional to its solubility & inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

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20
Q

Which diffuses faster in air: O2 or CO2

A

O2 is 1.2 faster to diffuse than CO2

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21
Q

Which is more soluble in water: O2 or CO2

A

CO2 is 24 times more soluble in water than O2

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22
Q

Which is more soluble in air: O2 or CO2

A

Same

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23
Q

Which has higher molecular weight: O2 or CO2

A

CO2

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24
Q

What is the diffusion rate for oxygen in water vs. air

A

Diffusion rate for O2 in water is 300,000 times more slower than air

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25
What direction is O2 gradient in terms of the body
Into the body
26
What direction is the CO2 gradient in terms of the body
Out of the body
27
Characteristics of gas exchange organs
Must be moist so that gases can dissolve into liquid
28
How does the body compensate for slow O2 diffusion rates in liquid
Circulatory system & O2 transport molecules & O2 binding molecules
29
What is hemoglobin
O2 transport molecule
30
What is myoglobin
O2 binding molecule
31
Why is medium (air or water) flow over respiratory surfaces greater in water breathing than in air breathing animals
Because water has a much lower concentration of O2 than air
32
What is dessication
When the respiratory surface becomes dry
33
What are problems for water breathing animals
Have to expend more energy to move more medium (water) over the gas exchange organ
34
What are problems for air breathing animals
Have to keep respiratory surfaces moist to prevent dessication. Water is lost by evaporation
35
How can you deliver O2 directly to internal cells and tissues
Bulk flow of water or air
36
3 types of ventilation
1. Nondirectional ventilation (wave gills in medium) 2. Tidal ventilation (lungs) 3. Unidirectional ventilation (fish gills)
37
What happens in tidal ventilation
- Bidirectional movement - As Po2 in blood increases, Po2 of medium decreases - Not the most efficient, but prevents dessication
38
Why is unidirectional ventilation good
Makes greater exchange efficiency because blood is always exposed to O2-rich medium
39
The fish gill is an example of what type of flow
Countercurrent (best exchange efficiency)
40
What is special about Teleost fish
They combine directional flow with concurrent exchange
41
How do birds maximize gas exchange
They implement a crosscurrent mechanism
42
What gas exchange organ do birds have
Stiff, hexagonal lungs and air sacs
43
What flow type do bird respiratory systems implement
Unidirectional & continuous flow
44
Where do the lungs end
Alveoli
45
Two types of cells in alveoli
Type I & Type 2
46
What do Type 1 cells do
Mainly for gas exchange
47
What do Type 2 cells do
Release surfactant
48
How is ventilation controlled in mammals
Contraction & relaxation of the diaphragm
49
Diaphragm contracts when ___
You breath in
50
Diaphragm relaxes when ___
You breath out
51
What is tidal volume
The volume of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath
52
How much is average tidal volume
500 mL
53
What is vital capacity
Maximum tidal volume during forced breathing
54
What is the vital capacity for females and males, respectively
3.4 L & 4.8 L
55
Why don't the alveoli in the lung collapse
Residual volume & Surfactant
56
What is residual volume
Air that remains in the lungs after exhalation. The lungs hold more air than the vital capacity
57
What is surfactant
A detergent (mixture of phospholipids and proteins) secreted by alveolar epithelium.
58
What does surfactant do
Reduces surface tension in the liquid coating the alveolar surface
59
What does surfactant increase
Compliance of alveoli
60
What stimulates surfactant production
Corticosteroids

Bio225 Exam 4 (6 decks)

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