iology 6, higher work :0

Question 1

what is an antibiotic

Answer 1

a medicine used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection by killing bacteria or preventing them from spreading.

Question 2

what is an antibody

Answer 2

proteins produced by a type of white blood called lymphocytes.

Question 3

what is antibiotic resistance bacteria

Answer 3

bacteria mutate which cause the antiniotic to fail, the bacterium continues to grow rapidly as it copies itself which creates a population of bacteria that the antibodies cant kill.

Question 4

explain the steps of testing a new drug before its prescribed by your doctor (6 steps)

Answer 4

1. Drugs are first tested using computer models and cells grown in the laboratory.
2. Then i tested on animals(like mice or fruit flies) to study any side effects)
3. Tested on a small group of healthy human volunteers to check its safety, this may also introduce the placebo effect.
4. If the drug is deemed safe it will be tested on a small number of volunteer patients who have the illness to ensure it works via the calculated dosage.
5. Drug is tested on a larger group of
   volunteer patients to monitor drug effectiveness, safety, dosage, and side effects, which may introduce the placebo effect.
6. Finally, if the drug is effective and safe it can be peer reviewed and can then be approved by the NICE and prescribed.

Question 5

explain what a vaccine is

Answer 5

dead or inactive pathogen material used in vaccination to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person to stimulate the white blood cells.If the same pathogen re-enter the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection.

Question 6

what is preclinical testing

Answer 6

the drugs are tested using computer models and human cells grown in the laboratory. This allows the efficacy and possible side effects to be tested.

Question 7

what is a placebo

Answer 7

a medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested. used in clinical trials of new medicines

Question 8

what is hybridomas

Answer 8

cells created during the production of monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of an antibody specific lymphocyte

Question 9

what is a painkiller used for

Answer 9

medications that relieve different types of pain , like headaches and injuries like arthritis.

Question 10

what is an antibiotic used for

Answer 10

to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection, they work by killing bacteria or preventing them from spreading.

Question 11

name 2 examples of an antibiotic

Answer 11

amoxicillin and penicillin

Question 12

name 2 examples of a painkiller

Answer 12

aspirin and paracetamol

Question 13

what was the first antibiotic to be discovered

Answer 13

penicillin

Question 14

what does it mean to be immune

Answer 14

to be protected against a specific disease

Question 15

what is a lymphocyte

Answer 15

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

Question 16

what is toxicity

Answer 16

the degree of which a chemical substance or particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.

Question 17

what is a dosage

Answer 17

How much of a drug is needed to cure a disease but still be safe

Question 18

what is a multi resistant bacteria

Answer 18

a bacterium that is resistant to several antibiotics, capable of causing infection and often adapted to spread easily.

Question 19

how to combat multi resistant bacteria(

Answer 19

research and discover new antibodies or frequent hand washing or the use of alcohol gel and keeping the environment clean.

Question 20

what is a monoclonal antibody

Answer 20

antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell.

Question 21

uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 21

therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, such as breast cancer and asthma. It can help treat diseases such as cancer without damaging the other cells around it.

Question 22

what is a double blind trial

Answer 22

a clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment, to compare against those who are getting the actual medication

Question 23

why are placebos used during drug trialling

Answer 23

to learn if the new drug or treatment works better than a substance that does not have an active drug in it

Question 24

how do double blind trials help studies

Answer 24

this makes results of the study less likely to be biased

Question 25

what medications are likely to be used during a blind trial(2)

Answer 25

sugar pill or placebo