io Flashcards
what is IO?
when the normal flow of contents are interrupted through the small and large intestines
what does IO cause?
decrease nutrients and fluid absorption
waste elimination
what causes IO?
mechanical obstruction
functional obstruction
types of Mechanical obstruction?
partial obstruction - gas and liquid stool can still pass through the point of narrowing
complete obstruction - nothing can pass through
simple obstruction - the obstructed segment is still able to maintain blood supply
strangulated obstruction - blood supply has been compromised
common mechanical obstruction
hernias
fecal impaction
tumor
post op adhesions
ingestion of foreign body
what is functional obstruction?
causes disrupt in the peristalsis
common functional obstruction
decrease in smooth muscle contractility - post-op ileus
infections and inflammations - appendicitis and intestinal ischemia
electrolyte imbalance - hypokalemia or hypocalcemia
medications - opioids
who are high risk of getting IO?
older adults
abodminal or pelvic surgery
inflammatory bowel diease
radiation therapy
complications of IO?
severe hypovolemia
acute kidney injury - sodium, potassium, and chloride imbalance
intestinal ischemia can lead to bowel perforation and then lead to bacterial peritonitis - sepsis
clinical manifestations
vomiting
proximal small bowel obstruction- projectile, copious undigested food or bile
abdominal distention - minimal
vomiting
distal small bowel obstruction - foul smelling may contain feces
abdominal distention - pronounced
signs and symptoms
severe abdominal pain
abdominal distention
constipation
vomiting
dehydration
PO- ribbon-like stools
abdominal assessment - auscultation and palpitation
auscultation
Mechanical obstruction - high-pitched and tinkling
functional obstruction - absence of bowel sounds
