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investigating diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define selection

A

when better adapted species survive and reproduce

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2
Q

define genetic diversity

A

number of different alleles of genes in a population

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3
Q

define evolution

A

change in frequency of alleles over many generations in a population

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4
Q

define population

A

groups of individuals of same species that live in same place and interbreed

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5
Q

directional selection

A

selection favours individuals with extreme features

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6
Q

stabilising selection

A

selection favours individuals with modal trait

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7
Q

give 4 ways of investigating genetic diversity

A

DNA base sequence
mRNA base sequence
amino acid sequence
observable characteristics

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8
Q

what can you conclude about genetic diversity when comparing DNA base sequences

A

the closer the DNA base sequences are between two groups, the more closely related they are

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9
Q

key thing to remember when analysing mitochondrial DNA

A

zygote only contains the mitochondria of the egg and none from the sperm- only maternal mitochondrial DNA present in a zygote

There is no crossing over that occurs in mtDNA so the base sequence can only change by mutation

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10
Q

why is only maternal mitochondrial DNA present in a zygote

A

zygote only contains the mitochondria of the egg and none from the sperm- only maternal mitochondrial DNA present in a zygote

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11
Q

why is mRNA analysis easier than DNA analysis

A

mRNA is easier to isolate from cells as it is found in the cytoplasm
whereas DNA in the nucleus so it is harder to isolate

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12
Q

how does mRNA analysis work

A

mRNA is collected and used as template to make cDNA (complementary DNA)
this cDNA is complementary to the mRNA template
the cDNA is copied, complementary strand made which is then the same as the mRNA template strand

cDNA only contains exons, no introns

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13
Q

give the difference between cDNA and original DNA in the nucleus

A

cDNA has no introns, only exons
DNA has introns and exons

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14
Q

describe how amino acid sequence is analysed

A

one protein is selected e.g haemoglobin
the amino acid sequence of this protein is compared between organisms to see if they match

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15
Q

why is it likely that closely related species will have same amino acid sequence

A

as amino acid sequence of proteins evolves more slowly than DNA

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16
Q

name the 2 types of sampling

A

systematic
random

17
Q

advantage of random sampling

A

prevents bias

18
Q

disadvantages
of systematic sampling

A

bias- may choose area with fewer or more species

19
Q

what is meant by species abundance

A

number of individuals of that species

20
Q

describe method using quadrats to measure species abundance

A
  1. create a grid with 2 tape measures
  2. generate 2 co-ordinates with random generator
  3. place quadrat at co-ordinate
  4. count number of individuals in each quadrat
  5. do 10x
  6. calculate mean
  7. multiply mean by whole area of grid
21
Q

what is species density

A

how many individuals of that species there are per unit area

22
Q

how to calculate species density

A

number of individuals in all quadrats is divided by the total area of all the quadrats

e.g. 107 bluebells were found across 50 quadrats that are 1m2 each
the species density would be 107/50 = 2.14 individuals per m2

23
Q

limitation of quadrats

A

can only be used for sessile and immobile species (eg. plants and slow-moving animals)

24
Q

what is standard deviation

A

a measure of the spread of data around the mean

25
Q

what does small standard deviation mean

A

results lie close to the mean

26
Q

what does a big standard deviation mean

A

results are more spread out, further from mean

27
Q

how to know if results are significantly different or not

A

overlap between standard deviations= no significant difference

no overlap between standard deviations= significant difference

28
Q

define gene pool

A

the collection of genes in a species

29
Q

define evolution

A

the formation of new species from pre-existing species over time,
due to changes to gene pools from generation to generation

30
Q

what must happen for evolution to happen

A

the old and new species must be reproductively and genetically isolated from one another- no longer exchange of genes between them

Bio exam questions (27 decks)

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