Introductory to Anatomy

Question 1

Sytemic

Answer 1

System
Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory

Question 2

Regional

Answer 2

Leg

Arm

Question 3

Clinical

Answer 3

Pathology

Disease

Question 4

Comparative

Answer 4

Using rabbits to compare

Question 5

What are the four approaches to studying?

Answer 5

Systemic
Regional
Clinical
Comparative

Question 6

What is the colloquial term for clavicle?

Answer 6

Collar Bone

Question 7

What is the colloquial term for pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 7

Eustachian tube

Question 8

What is the colloquial term for laryngeal prominence?

Answer 8

Adam’s Apple

Question 9

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 9

Erect posture
Hands at side
Palms and feet facing forward

Question 10

Supine Position

Answer 10

Lying face up

Study tip: Supine sounds like spine

Question 11

Prone Position

Answer 11

Lying face down

Question 12

Superior is also known as?

Answer 12

Rostral (Above)

Toward the beak

Question 13

Inferior is also known as?

Answer 13

Caudal (Below)

Toward the tail bone

Question 14

Anterior is also known as

Answer 14

Ventral (in front of)

Question 15

Posterior is also known as

Answer 15

Dorsal (Behind)

Question 16

Lateral

Answer 16

Away from the midline of the body

Question 17

Medial

Answer 17

Toward the midline of the body

Question 18

Superficial

Answer 18

Towards the surface

Question 19

Deep

Answer 19

Away from the surface

Question 20

Proximal

Answer 20

Close to the trunk

Question 21

Distal

Answer 21

Away from the trunk

Question 22

Name the 10 anatomical directions

Answer 22

1. Superior (Rostral)
2. Inferior (Caudal)
3. Anterior (Ventral)
4. Posterior (Dorsal)
5. Lateral
6. Medial
7. Superficial
8. Deep
   9 Proximal
9. Distal

Question 23

What are the two anatomical descriptors specific to the hands and feet?
Which one applies to the hands and which one applies to the feet?

Answer 23

Palmar versus dorsal - Hands
 Dorsal Surface (Back of hand) - Posterior hand
 Palmer Surface (Palm of hand) - Anterior hand
**Always assume anatomical position**

Plantar versus dorsal - Feet
 Dorsal Surface (Top of the foot) - Superior foot surface
 Plantar Surface (Sole of foot) - Inferior foot surface

Question 24

What are the anatomical planes?

Answer 24

Sagittal or Longitudinal: Into left and right half
(Mid)sagittal or medial: Midline
Parasagittal: Off midline
Frontal or Coronal: Anterior/Posterior halves (Front/back)
Transverse(Axial) or horizontal(Cross-section): Superior and inferior half
Oblique: At an angle to any of the planes

Question 25

Flexion Extension

Answer 25

Flexion: Decreasing angle of a joint @ anatomical position Extension: Increasing angle of a joint at anatomical position

Question 26

Abduction Adduction Medial (Internal) Rotation Lateral (External) Rotation

Answer 26

Abduction: Moving away from the midline Adduction: Toward the midling (Adding to the midline) Medial (Internal) Rotation: Rotating anterior surface of arm to posterior Lateral (External) Rotation: Rotating posterior surface of arm to anterior

Question 27

What are the anatomical terms of movement? There are 6. Two pairs of special terms

Answer 27

``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial (Internal) Rotation Lateral (External) Rotation ``` Special terms: Retrusion/Protrusion Protraction/Retraction

Question 28

Retrusion | Protrusion

Answer 28

Both are movement of the jaw

Question 29

Protraction | Retraction

Answer 29

Both are movement of the scapula

Question 30

Hand movements | Thumb movement

Answer 30

Flexion/Extension Opposition/Reposition Supination/Pronation Abduction/Adduction Thumb: Abduction/Adduction Flexion/Extension

Question 31

Circumduction

Answer 31

Circular movement of lower limb at hip joint

Question 32

Foot movements

Answer 32

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion | Inversion/Eversion

Question 33

Trunk movement

Answer 33

Lateral bending: Flexion/Extension | Rotation

Question 34

Shoulder

Answer 34

Elevation/Depression

Question 35

Thoracic flexion condition is also known as

Answer 35

Text Neck

Question 36

What is Radiological Orientation and what is it used for?

Answer 36

Radiological Orientation - Images are oriented as if you are looking at a patient lying supine from the feet up. Patient is supine, and you're standing by their feet. - Their left side of the body is your right side - is inferior

Question 37

X-Rays (Radiography)

Answer 37

Radiography (X-ray) - Density dependent - Radiographic film --> Radiographic densities - Denser --> Light - Less dense --> Dark - E.g. Bone (Dense)--> Light/Bright, Air (Less dense) --> Black - Penetrates opaque substances (ie. Body) - Radiographs can be resolves in 5 densities - Metal/Contrast agents > Bone > Soft Tissues > Fat > Air - Contrast agents are used to improve soft tissue resolution over conventional radiography (Ie. BArium enema)

Question 38

Computed Tomography (CT)

Answer 38

- Dependent on density - Uses X-rays - Better soft tissue resolution - 3D Slice - Digital Transverse Axial - Getting Faster & Cheaper - Usually in transverse plane - Much better for imaging soft tissue than conventional radiography - Is much better for soft tissue than X-ray - Much faster and less expensive than MRI - Can be performed in people with metal implants (Unlike MRI) - provides less anatomical resolution than MRI Dense (Hyperdense) to least dense (Hypodense) Bone > Congealed Blood > Grey matter > White matter > CSF > Water > Fat > Air

Question 39

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 39

- Not based on density - Tissue contrast based on proton behaviour (water & fat content) - Provides best anatomical resolution - Will rip out any metal in the body