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MYCOLOGY > INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY I > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY I Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term “virus”

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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2
Q

Aside from “virus” what else does Martinus Beijerinck coined?

A

Contagium vivum fluidum

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3
Q

What does “Contagium vivum fluidum” mean?

A

Soluble living germs

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4
Q

Who discovered that bacteria could be attacked by viruses?

A

Frederick Twort

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5
Q

The discovery of bacteriophage by him provides an invaluable opportunity to study virus replication at a time before the development of cell culture when the only way to study viruses was by infecting whole organisms.

A

Felix d’Herelle

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6
Q

What is the composition of the first written record of virus infection in the year 3700 BC?

A

Hieroglyph from Memphis

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7
Q

What is the first written record of virus infection that consists of hieroglyphs from Memphis depicts?

A

Temple priest (Ruma)

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8
Q

What does the Temple priest (Ruma) shows?

A

Signs of paralytic poliomyelitis. Often called polio or infantile paralysis

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9
Q

Who died from classic paralytic poliomyelitis back in 1200-1193 BC in Egypt?

A

Pharaoh Siptah

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10
Q

The mummy of Pharaoh Siptah shows what?

A

His left left was withered and his foot was rigidly extended like a horse’s hoof.

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11
Q

What is the reason of death of Ramesses?

A

Smallpox

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12
Q

What was found on the mummy of Ramesses V?

A

Pustular lesions and his head displays a major wound infected either before or shortly after death.

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13
Q

Who died from the smallpox?

A

Ramesses V

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14
Q

This is a method where the villagers were exposed to the virus by blowing the powder into their noses.

A

Thackery-Variolation

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15
Q

The small pox was transferred by the Americans specifically by?

A

Hernando Cortez

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16
Q

How many people died during the small pox?

A

3.5 Million

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17
Q

What empire was erased during the small pox?

A

Aztec empire

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18
Q

He introduced the small pox vaccination and it was also the first successful vaccine to be developed.

A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q

On ___________ a vaccinated 8-year-old ________ with material from a ________ lesion on the hand of milkmaid _____________________.

A

May 14, 1796
(James)
Cowpox
Sarah Nelmes

20
Q

When was the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

A

February 12

21
Q

How is the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

A

By passing it through a ceramic filters fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.

22
Q

He discovered that extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?

A

Dimitri Iwanowski

23
Q

What is the discovery that lead to the introduction to virology?

A

It a discovery of Dimitri Iwanowski wherein extracts of the diseased tobacco plant can be transmitted to other plants by passing it to a ceramic filter that is fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.

24
Q

Through experimental transmission to mice, he demonstrated in the 1900’s that yellow fever was caused by a virus spread through mosquitoes.

A

Walter Reed

25
Q

They proved that poliomyelitis was caused by a virus.

A

Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper

26
Q

He crystallizes tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious which is a Nobel price in the year 1946.

A

Wendell Stanley

27
Q

Wendell Stanley’s work leads towards describing the ________________________ and helps to further _________________________.

A

Molecular structure of any virus
Illuminate the nature of viruses

28
Q

He was the first to propagate yellow fever virus in chick embryos

A

Max Theiler

29
Q

Describe the vaccine that was made by Max Theiler.

A

It was safe and effective and still in used today.

30
Q

What did Max Theiler PRODUCED?

A

An attenuated vaccine known as 17D strain.

31
Q

They observed the causative agent of foot and mouth disease to be similar with the observations of Iwanowski and Beijerinck.

A

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

32
Q

They established the concept of “one step virus growth cycle”

A

Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck

33
Q

What is the importance of one step virus growth cycle?

A

It is essential in the understanding of virus replication

34
Q

According to Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck, viruses do not grow but are instead from ______________?

A

Preformed components

35
Q

In the year 1941, he demonstrated that the influenza virus agglutinates red blood cells.

A

George Hirst

36
Q

This was the first rapid quantitative method of measuring eukaryotic viruses and now viruses could even be counted.

A

Virus agglutination

37
Q

What did Baruch Blumberg discovered that won him the Nobel prize in 1976?

A

His discovery of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

38
Q

HBV is considered by some to be the first vaccine against cancer because?

A

Hepatitis B has a strong association with liver cancer.

39
Q

They independently discovered the reverse transcriptase in retroviruses

A

Howard Temin and David Baltimore

40
Q

The discovery of Temin and Baltimore established a pathway for genetic information flow from RNA to DNA refuting the so-called?

A

Central Dogma of Molecular biology

41
Q

They discovered the human immunodeficiency virus as the causative agents of AIDS.

A

Luc Montaigner and Robert Gallo

42
Q

In the year 1999, the nucleotide sequence of the largest virus genome yet known completed was known as the?

A

Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella virus 1

43
Q

When was the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome was published?

A

Year 2001

44
Q

About _____ of the human genome is composed of ______________________?

A

Retrovirus-like retrotransposons

45
Q

These are transposable elements in which transposition involves a process or reverse transcription with an RNA intermediate similar to that of a retrovirus.

A

Retrovirus-like retrotransposons

MYCOLOGY (22 decks)

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