INTRODUCTION TO VIROLOGY I Flashcards
Who coined the term “virus”
Martinus Beijerinck
Aside from “virus” what else does Martinus Beijerinck coined?
Contagium vivum fluidum
What does “Contagium vivum fluidum” mean?
Soluble living germs
Who discovered that bacteria could be attacked by viruses?
Frederick Twort
The discovery of bacteriophage by him provides an invaluable opportunity to study virus replication at a time before the development of cell culture when the only way to study viruses was by infecting whole organisms.
Felix d’Herelle
What is the composition of the first written record of virus infection in the year 3700 BC?
Hieroglyph from Memphis
What is the first written record of virus infection that consists of hieroglyphs from Memphis depicts?
Temple priest (Ruma)
What does the Temple priest (Ruma) shows?
Signs of paralytic poliomyelitis. Often called polio or infantile paralysis
Who died from classic paralytic poliomyelitis back in 1200-1193 BC in Egypt?
Pharaoh Siptah
The mummy of Pharaoh Siptah shows what?
His left left was withered and his foot was rigidly extended like a horse’s hoof.
What is the reason of death of Ramesses?
Smallpox
What was found on the mummy of Ramesses V?
Pustular lesions and his head displays a major wound infected either before or shortly after death.
Who died from the smallpox?
Ramesses V
This is a method where the villagers were exposed to the virus by blowing the powder into their noses.
Thackery-Variolation
The small pox was transferred by the Americans specifically by?
Hernando Cortez
How many people died during the small pox?
3.5 Million
What empire was erased during the small pox?
Aztec empire
He introduced the small pox vaccination and it was also the first successful vaccine to be developed.
Edward Jenner
On ___________ a vaccinated 8-year-old ________ with material from a ________ lesion on the hand of milkmaid _____________________.
May 14, 1796
(James)
Cowpox
Sarah Nelmes
When was the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?
February 12
How is the extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?
By passing it through a ceramic filters fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.
He discovered that extracts from diseased tobacco plants can transmit disease to other plants?
Dimitri Iwanowski
What is the discovery that lead to the introduction to virology?
It a discovery of Dimitri Iwanowski wherein extracts of the diseased tobacco plant can be transmitted to other plants by passing it to a ceramic filter that is fine enough to retain the smallest known bacteria.
Through experimental transmission to mice, he demonstrated in the 1900’s that yellow fever was caused by a virus spread through mosquitoes.
Walter Reed
They proved that poliomyelitis was caused by a virus.
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper
He crystallizes tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious which is a Nobel price in the year 1946.
Wendell Stanley
Wendell Stanley’s work leads towards describing the ________________________ and helps to further _________________________.
Molecular structure of any virus
Illuminate the nature of viruses
He was the first to propagate yellow fever virus in chick embryos
Max Theiler
Describe the vaccine that was made by Max Theiler.
It was safe and effective and still in used today.
What did Max Theiler PRODUCED?
An attenuated vaccine known as 17D strain.
They observed the causative agent of foot and mouth disease to be similar with the observations of Iwanowski and Beijerinck.
Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch
They established the concept of “one step virus growth cycle”
Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck
What is the importance of one step virus growth cycle?
It is essential in the understanding of virus replication
According to Emory Ellis and Max Delbruck, viruses do not grow but are instead from ______________?
Preformed components
In the year 1941, he demonstrated that the influenza virus agglutinates red blood cells.
George Hirst
This was the first rapid quantitative method of measuring eukaryotic viruses and now viruses could even be counted.
Virus agglutination
What did Baruch Blumberg discovered that won him the Nobel prize in 1976?
His discovery of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
HBV is considered by some to be the first vaccine against cancer because?
Hepatitis B has a strong association with liver cancer.
They independently discovered the reverse transcriptase in retroviruses
Howard Temin and David Baltimore
The discovery of Temin and Baltimore established a pathway for genetic information flow from RNA to DNA refuting the so-called?
Central Dogma of Molecular biology
They discovered the human immunodeficiency virus as the causative agents of AIDS.
Luc Montaigner and Robert Gallo
In the year 1999, the nucleotide sequence of the largest virus genome yet known completed was known as the?
Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella virus 1
When was the complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome was published?
Year 2001
About _____ of the human genome is composed of ______________________?
Retrovirus-like retrotransposons
These are transposable elements in which transposition involves a process or reverse transcription with an RNA intermediate similar to that of a retrovirus.
Retrovirus-like retrotransposons
