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Fundamentals of Imaging > Introduction to Trauma > Flashcards

Introduction to Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

What is a complete or incomplete disruption in continuity and structure of the bone and/or cartilage?

A

Fracture

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2
Q

What type of force is cortical bone the strongest with?

A

Compression

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3
Q

What type of force is cortical bone most vulnerable to?

A

Shearing forces

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4
Q

What type of force is cortical bone less resilient to?

A

Distraction

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5
Q

T/F: Fracture usually occurs as a combination of all 3-forces with one force being potentially more dominant than the others

A

True

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6
Q

Will fractures always involve significant soft tissue damage?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What type of fracture is caused by a bone weakened by local or systemic pathology?

A

Pathological fracture

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8
Q

What is it called when Surgical pin holes or a site of bone resection weakens the bone?

A

stress raiser

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9
Q

What type of incomplete fracture involves cortical buckling on compression?

A

Torus fracture

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10
Q

What type of incomplete fracture involves incomplete fracture on tension?

A

Green-stick fracture

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11
Q

What type of incomplete fracture involves bending of the bone without angular break and remodeling?

A

Plastic deformity

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12
Q

What type of fracture involves a fragment of bone being detached by the tension from muscles or ligaments?

A

Avulsion fracture

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13
Q

What type of fracture is a typically corner fracture that is chipped rather than avulsed?

A

Chipped fracture

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14
Q

What type of fracture results in telescoping of osseous trabeculae. No typical radiolucent line is seen on radiographs and instead a zone of sclerosis or condensation may be present?

A

Impaction (compressed) fracture

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15
Q

What type of fracture is typically in the calvaria (cranial vault) and occasionally in Tibial plateau?

A

Depression fracture

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16
Q

What type of fracture involves repeated stress applied to normal bone leading to bone marrow hyperemia and bone resorption?

A

Stress (fatigue) fracture

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17
Q

What type of fracture involves normal stresses i.e. normal weight bearing, walking applied to osteoporotic (involuted/insufficient) bone?

A

Insufficiency fracture

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18
Q

What type of fracture results from a bone weakened by pathology such as neoplasms, infection, congenital defect of collagen etc.?

A

Pathological fracture

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19
Q

What type of fracture involves 2 or more segments?

A

Comminuted fracture

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20
Q

What type of Comminuted fracture creates 2 separate fracture lines producing an isolated segment of bone?

A

Segmental fracture

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21
Q

What type of Comminuted fracture has a wedge-shaped fragment produced at the apex of the maximum force?

A

Butterfly fragment

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22
Q

What type of fracture is when the skin is intact and no communication with the outside air present?

A

Closed fracture

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23
Q

What type of fracture is when the skin is not intact and there is communication with the outside air present?

A

Open fracture

24
Q

What type of apposition involves overlap of one fragment over another?

A

Bayonet apposition

25
Q

What type of apposition involves complete loss of apposition d/t forced traction?

A

Distraction

26
Q

What type of alignment is away from midline in relation to the distal fragment?

A

Valgus

27
Q

What type of alignment is towards midline in relation to the distal fragment?

A

Varus

28
Q

What are the most vulnerable regions in the pediatric skeleton?

A

epiphyseal growth plate and growth apophysis

29
Q

What helps with the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of growth plate injury?

A

Salter-Harris

30
Q

How many Salter-Harris types are there?

A

9 (but we only discuss 5 of them)

31
Q

What type of Salter-Harris fracture is through growth plate itself often unrecognized because of minimal displacement?

A

Salter-Harris 1

32
Q

What type of Salter-Harris fracture is the most common (>75%), fracture through physis and a part of metaphysis forming a Thurston-Holland fragment. Good healing prospects?

A

Salter-Harris 2

33
Q

What type of Salter-Harris is through the plate and into epiphysis?

A

Salter-Harris 3

34
Q

What type of Salter-Harris fracture traverses metaphysis, physis and into epiphysis?

A

Salter-Harris 4

35
Q

What type of Salter-Harris fracture is a crush injury to the growth plate, often unrecognized or confused with type 1 but essentially damages physeal blood supply?

A

Salter-Harris 5

36
Q

What Salter-Harris types show highest complications leading to premature plate closure, limb deformities, shortening and other sequela?

A

4 and 5

37
Q

What is a form of insufficiency fracture that develops

in bones with insufficient osteoid?

A

Pseudo-fracture

38
Q

What conditions is a Pseudo-fracture most commonly seen in?

A

Rickets and Osteomalacia

39
Q

How are the widened transverse radiolucent lines oriented in Pseudo-fractures?

A

Right angle to the medial cortex of long bones

40
Q

During injuries, what does cell damage create?

A

Bone Bruise (intra-osseous edema)

41
Q

What kind of fracture appears when injury and intra-osseous edema have occurred?

A

occult fracture

42
Q

What kind of fractures are due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed upon the bone?

A

Stress fractures

43
Q

What kind of stress fracture is due to abnormal stresses on normal bone?

A

fatigue fracture

44
Q

What kind of stress fracture is due to normal stresses on abnormal bone?

A

insufficiency fracture

45
Q

What is a complete loss of articular contact/alignment with resultant injury to periarticular restraints?

A

Dislocation

46
Q

What is a partial loss of articular alignment?

A

Subluxation

47
Q

What is a separation of fibrous joints or fibrocartilagenous joints often seen at the sutures in the scull and symphysis pubis?

A

Diastasis

48
Q

What develops prior to closure of skull sutures (<3 y.o) as a result of tear in the dura followed by leptomeningeal and brain herniation with CSF pulsations?

A

leptomeningeal cyst (growing skull fracture)

49
Q

Is a leptomeningeal cyst a true cyst?

A

No

50
Q

What is the result from a traumatic disruption of bone and periosteum causing significant hemorrhage?

A

Fracture healing

51
Q

What are the three main stages of fracture healing?

A

Inflammatory (48 hours)
Repair (7-14 days)
Remodeling (9-24 months)

52
Q

Which phase is the shortest phase and causes hematoma and inflammatory mediators within first 48-hours initiate chemotaxis with phagocytes and repair cells being drawn to fracture site?

A

Inflammation

53
Q

Which phase has cells involved during initial inflammation will gradually begin to form granulation tissue and remove unwanted material and damaged cell. During this phase within 7-14 days hematoma becomes vascularised and may appear more translucent on x-rays?

A

Repair

54
Q

Which phase is when population of cells will sufficiently evolve into fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts the osteoid and bone mineralization will continue for about 9-24 months?

A

Remodeling

55
Q

T/F: Fracture callus still remains very vulnerable to shearing forces but may be better stimulated if limited axial forces are applied

A

True

56
Q

T/F: pediatric fractures heal quicker

A

True

Fundamentals of Imaging (16 decks)

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