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Ap Psychology Unit 5 > Introduction to Thinking and Problem Solving > Flashcards

Introduction to Thinking and Problem Solving Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology

A

Cognitive Psychology is the study of mental processes; studying what goes on inside our head.

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2
Q

What are Concepts

A

Concepts “organizations” are mental groupings of similar subjects, people, ideas, or events. Concepts are like a list. Category hierarchies are formed from concepts.

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3
Q

What is Metacognition

A

Metacognition is when we think about thinking, being aware and in control of our thinking. Example: reflecting on past decisions.

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4
Q

What is a Prototype

A

A prototype is the first thing we think of, it is the first thing that comes to our head as an idea or example.

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5
Q

What are the Types of Thinking

A
  1. Convergent Thinking (using logic)

2. Divergent Thinking (using imagination)

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6
Q

What is Convergent Thinking

A

Convergent thinking is a type of thinking that focuses on coming up with a single well established solution to a problem. (limits creativity)

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7
Q

What is Divergent Thinking

A

Divergent thinking is a type of thinking that focuses on finding multiple solutions to a problem (creativity)

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8
Q

What is Problem Solving

A

Problem solving is coming up with different ideas and solutions to problems

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9
Q

What are the Different Problem Solving Strategies

A
  1. Trial and error
  2. Algorithms
  3. Heuristics
  4. Insights
  5. In addition (Wolf gang Kohler)
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10
Q

What is Trial and Error

A

Trial and error is when you try different solutions to a problem and rule out the ones that don’t work.

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11
Q

What are Algorithms

A

Algorithms are step by step procedures that provide the solution to a problem, it is time consuming but effective.

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12
Q

What are Heuristics

A

Heuristics (rules of thumb) is an educated guess based on your prior experience, this helps narrow down the possible solutions to a problem. it is simple, fast, and low effort.

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13
Q

Type of Heuristics

A
  1. Representativeness Heuristics

2. Avability

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14
Q

Type of Heuristics

A
  1. Representativeness Heuristics

2. Availability Heuristics

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15
Q

What is Representativeness Heuristics

A

Representativeness heuristics is comparing a present situation to the most representative or similar mental prototype. Comparing mental prototypes to an event or problem to find likelihood.

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16
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Availability heuristics is making decisions based on information that springs up in our head

17
Q

What is an insight

A

Insight (ah-ha moments) is a sudden realization of the solution to a problem, processes that lead to insights happen outside awareness.

18
Q

What is the Wolfgang Kohler experiment about

A

This experiment talks about how chimpanzees tried to get some bananas out of reach, but after a while, they got an insight and solved their problem

19
Q

What are the Obstacles to Problem Solving

A
  1. Mental Set
  2. Functional Fixedness
  3. Confirmation Bias
  4. Belief Perseverance
  5. Overconfidence
  6. Hindsight Bias
  7. Framing
  8. Anchoring Effect
20
Q

What does Mental Set Mean

A

A mental set is the tendency to use solutions from the past to solve problems instead of coming up with new ideas for solutions. Rigid thinking.

21
Q

What is Functional Fixedness

A

Functional Fixedness is the tendency to view solutions in their customary manner. Somewhat like thinking in the box

22
Q

What is Confirmation Bias

A

Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for information that supports your beliefs, this could cause you to miss contradicting information.

23
Q

What is Belief Perseverance

A

Belief perseverance (denial) is when you hold onto beliefs even though evidence proves you wrong

24
Q

What is Overconfidence

A

Overconfidence is when you overestimate your knowledge, skill, or judgment.

25
Q

What is Hindsight Bias

A

Hindsight bias (i knew it all along) is when people view events as more predictable than they actually are.

26
Q

What is Framing

A

Framing (cognitive bias) is the way you present or pose an issue or question

27
Q

What is the Anchoring Effect

A

Anchoring effect (cognitive bias) is when you favor the first piece of information you hear or receive.

Ap Psychology Unit 5 (10 decks)

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