Introduction to Theories History

Question 1

The history of professional nursing began with __________________.

Answer 1

Florence Nightingale

Question 2

Nursing was based on _______ and ________.

Answer 2

principles and traditions

Question 3

The 5 Historical Eras are:

Answer 3

1. Curriculum Era
2. Research Emphasis Era
3. Graduate Education Era
4. Theory Era/Nursing Theory Era
5. Theory Utilization Era

Question 4

Emphasis was on what courses nursing students should take, to arrive at a standardized curriculum.

Answer 4

Curriculum Era

Question 5

The idea of moving nursing education from hospital-based diploma programs into colleges and universities emerged during this era.

Answer 5

Curriculum Era

Question 6

Focused on the research process and the long-range goal of acquiring substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice.

Answer 6

Research Emphasis Era

Question 7

Began to participate in research and research courses were included in nursing curricula.

Answer 7

Research Emphasis Era

Question 8

Awareness of the need for concept and theory development coincided with two other milestones in the evolution of nursing theory:

Answer 8

1. The standardization of curricula for nursing master’s education by the National League for Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate and high-degree programs.
2. The decision that doctoral education for nurses should be in nursing.

Question 9

Master’s degree programs in nursing emerged to meet the public need for specialized clinical nursing practice.

Answer 9

Graduate Education Era

Question 10

Graduation Education Era included concepts in:

Answer 10

1. Concept development
2. Nursing models
3. Early nursing theorist
4. Knowledge development process

Question 11

In the Graduate Education Era, baccalaureate degrees began to gain wider acceptance as:

Answer 11

1. Educational level for professional nursing
2. Academic discipline in higher education

Question 12

Nurse researchers worked to develop and clarify a specialized body of nursing knowledge with the following goals:

Answer 12

1. Improving the quality of patient care.
2. Providing a professional style of practice.
3. Achieving recognition as a profession.

Question 13

Transition from vocation to profession.

Answer 13

Graduate Education Era

Question 14

Meleis (2007) noted, “Theory is not a _______ in the discipline of nursing…but an integral part of the nursing lexicon in education, administration, and practice.”

Answer 14

luxury

Question 15

Emphasis on theory development and testing.

Answer 15

Theory Era

Question 16

Accelerated as early works developed as frameworks for curricula and advanced practice guides began to be recognized as theory.

Answer 16

Theory Era

Question 17

Fawcett’s seminal proposal of ______________ as a nursing metaparadigm served as an organizing structure for existing nursing frameworks.

Answer 17

four global nursing concepts

Question 18

Classification of nursing models as paradigms within metaparadigm concepts of:

Answer 18

1. Person
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Nursing

Question 19

Emphasis shifted from learning about the theorist to use of the theoretical works to generate:

Answer 19

1. Research questions
2. Guide practice
3. Organize curricula

Question 20

Theory development emerged as a process and product of professional scholarship and growth and sought higher education among:

Answer 20

1. Nurse leaders
2. Administrators
3. Educators
4. Practitioners

Question 21

The use of theory to convey an organizing structure and meaning for these processes to the convergence of ideas.

Answer 21

Nursing Theory Era

Question 22

Fitzpatrick and Whall (1983) said, “_______ is on the brink of an exciting new era.”

Answer 22

Nursing

Question 23

Emphasis shifted to theory application in nursing practice, research, education, and administration.

Answer 23

Theory Utilization Era

Question 24

Emphasis on producing evidence for quality professional practice.

Answer 24

Theory Utilization Era

Question 25

The 4 Types of Nursing Theoretical Works are:

Answer 25

1. Nursing Philosophy
2. Nursing Conceptual Methods
3. Nursing Theory
4. Middle Range Theory

Question 26

Sets the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation.
The basis for subsequent development.

Answer 26

Nursing Philosophy

Question 27

Comprises nursing works by theorists referred to as pioneers in nursing.

Answer 27

Nursing Conceptual Methods

Question 28

Derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, or more abstract nursing theories, or from works of other disciplines.

Answer 28

Nursing Theory

Question 29

Address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived. More specific focus and is more concrete than nursing theory in its level of abstraction.

Answer 29

Middle Range Theory

Question 30

The Middle Range Theory specifies each factor as:

Answer 30

1. The age group of the patient
2. The family situation
3. The health condition
4. The location of the patient
5. The action of the nurse

Question 31

Specific to academia and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning, or a domain of knowledge.

Answer 31

Discipline

Question 32

Refers to a specialized field of practice, founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of the discipline and accompanying practice abilities.

Answer 32

Profession

Question 33

The discipline is dependent on ______ for its continued existence.

Answer 33

theory

Question 34

It can be vocational or can be a discipline with a professional style of theory-based practice.

Answer 34

Nursing

Question 35

Forms of basis in recognizing nursing as discipline:

Answer 35

Knowledge of person
Health
Environment

Question 36

Every discipline or field of knowledge includes ____________.

Answer 36

theoretical knowledge

Question 37

Nursing as an ___________ depends on the existence of nursing knowledge.

Answer 37

academic discipline

Question 38

The 5 criteria for the development of the professional status of nursing:

Answer 38

1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of higher learning.
2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of education and service.
3. Entrust the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education.
4. Applies its body of knowledge to practical services vital to human and social welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy.
6. Attracts individuals with intellectual and personal qualities of exalting service above personal gain.
7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom of action, opportunity for continuous professional growth, and economic security.

Question 39

It is recognized as a profession and emphasis is placed on the relationship between nursing theoretical works and achievement of status as a profession.

Answer 39

Nursing

Question 40

The use of _______________ for the theory-based evidence for nursing is a quality that is characteristic of their practice.

Answer 40

substantive knowledge