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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 1 > Introduction to the limbs > Flashcards

Introduction to the limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the upper limbs ?

A

They enable the hand to be brought to any point in space and keep it steady.

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2
Q

State some features of the upper limbs

A

Highly mobile joints
Levers

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3
Q

What is the function of the lower limbs ?

A

Supports the body weight

Involved mainly in locomotion

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4
Q

State some features of the lower limbs

A

The bones are more robust

Joints are more stable

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5
Q

Briefly describe the development of the limbs

A

Week 4
- Ventrolateral body wall
- Contain cells from somites and lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

Where do the upper limbs bud ?

A

Opposite somites C5-T1

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7
Q

Where do the lower limbs bud ?

A

Opposite somites L2-S2

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8
Q

What buds first, the upper or lower limbs ?

A

The upper limbs. 2 days earlier

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9
Q

State the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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10
Q

Where do limbs originate from ?

A

(usually) at the proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscle contraction.

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11
Q

Where is insertion of the limbs from ?

A

(usually) at the distal end of the muscle, which is moveable.

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12
Q

What happens to muscle when stimulated ?

A

The muscle contracts and tries to bring its 2 ends closer.

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13
Q

What happens when muscle contracts ?

A

The muscle shortens, and usually shortens in the insertion –> origin direction.

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14
Q

What is meant by isometric contraction ?

A

Muscle tone changes
(muscle “meter” - length is not changed)

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15
Q

What is meant by isotonic contraction ?

A

Muscle length changes
(muscle “tone” is not changed )

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction ?

A

Concentric
Eccentric

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17
Q

What is meant by concentric contraction ?

A

Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens

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18
Q

What is meant by eccentric contraction ?

A

Muscle elongates whilst under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates.

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19
Q

How do concentric and eccentric contractions protect from injury ?

A

Eccentric contraction acts as a braking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to protect from injury.

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20
Q

Prime mover (muscles)

A

Muscles that play the primary role in moving a body part.

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21
Q

Agonist (muscles)

A

Muscle that acts directly to produce a desired movement.

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22
Q

Synergist (muscles)

A

Muscles which assist the prime mover but are doing less of the work OR prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers.

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23
Q

Antagonist (muscles)

A

Muscles which directly oppose a movement

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24
Q

Fixator (muscles)

A

Muscles that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place whilst the movement occurs.

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25
Q

What is fascia ?

A

A sheet of connective tissue

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26
Q

Briefly describe superficial fascia

A

Just beneath the skin
Contains adipose tissue

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27
Q

Briefly describe deep fascia

A

Ensheaths muscles but continuous
Sometimes named

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28
Q

State some functions of deep fascia
(6)

A

Facilitates contraction
Barrier between muscles
Compartments of muscles
Passages for nerves and vessels
Attachment for muscles
Holds tendons in place

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29
Q

What is the function of septa ?

A

Septae form potential spaces to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

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30
Q

Function of deep fascia

A

Deep fascia sends septae between muscles to separate them into compartments.

31
Q

What is a downfall of septae ?

A

Potential spaces are also potential tracts for infection spread and blood loss.

32
Q

Briefly describe compartment syndrome

A

An injury to the muscle within a tough compartment may cause swelling and increased pressure that compresses the neurovascular bundles.

33
Q

State some general rules about muscles in a compartment

A

Generally muscles in a compartment have…

  • the same action
  • the same nerve supply
34
Q

State some features of deep fascia in the arm

A

The medial and lateral intramuscular septum separate into 2 compartments :

  • anterior and posterior compartments
35
Q

Function of the anterior compartment in the arm

A

Flexing movement (flexor)

36
Q

Function of the posterior compartment in the arm

A

Extending movement (extensor)

37
Q

What surrounds the arm ?

A

Brachial fascia

38
Q

State some features of deep fascia in the forearm

A

The antebrachial fascia surrounds and separates the anterior and posterior compartments and forms an interosseous membrane.

39
Q

Function of the anterior compartment in the forearm

A

Flexor - pronator

40
Q

Function of the posterior compartment in the forearm

A

Extensor - supinator

41
Q

Describe the formation of the carpal tunnel

A

At the wrist the interosseous membrane thickens to form a flexor retinaculum.

42
Q

How does the deep fascia of the thigh differ from that of the upper limb ?

A

It is thicker that the upper limbs

43
Q

What is the Iliotibial tract ?

A

The fascia lata (deep fascia) thickens laterally in the thigh to form the iliotibial tract.

44
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called ?

A

Fascia lata

45
Q

Function of the iliotibial tract

A

Stabilises the hip and knee

46
Q

What 3 compartments in the thigh are formed by septae ?

A

Anterior - Extensor
Medial - Adductor
Posterior - Flexor

47
Q

What is the deep fascia of the leg called ?

A

Crural fascia

48
Q

How is the interosseous membrane of the leg formed ?

A

The crural fascia fuses with the tibia

49
Q

State the 3 compartments of the leg

A

Anterior - extensor
Lateral - everters
Posterior - flexor and plantar flexor
(posterior = deep and superficial)

50
Q

What are neurons ?

A

Excitable nerve cells which transmit information as electrical signals (or action potentials)

51
Q

What is a neurite ?

A

Either a dendrite or an axon

52
Q

State the 2 types of neuron

A

Motor
Sensory

53
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neurons ?

A

Somatic
Autonomic

54
Q

What is a dermatome ?

A

An area of skin supplied by neurons from one spinal segment (spinal nerve)

55
Q

What is a myotome ?

A

A muscle or groups of muscles supplied by neurons from a single spinal segment - usually having the same action.

56
Q

Briefly describe rotation of the limbs

A

The upper limb rotates laterally from its in-utero position

The lower limb rotates medially

The dermatomes rotate too

57
Q

Describe rotation of the upper limbs

A

Lateral rotation

  • thumb moves from superior to lateral
  • flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position
  • extensors move to a posterior position
58
Q

Describe rotation of the lower limbs

A

Medial rotation

  • hallux moves from superior to medial
  • flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position
  • extensors move to an anterior position
59
Q

Describe the initial position of the thumb and hallux

A

Found on the cranial side of each limb, and both the palm and sole face anteriorly (or medially)

60
Q

Describe the brachial plexus

A

Formed in axilla
C5-T1

61
Q

Describe the lumbosacral plexus

A

Major feature of posterior abdominal wall

L1-S5
(L2-S2 for limb)

62
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located ?

A

Upper limbs

63
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus supply ?

A

Supplies abdominal wall, pelvis and viscera

64
Q

State the artery that supplies the upper limb

A

Subclavian artery

65
Q

State the artery (arteries) that supply the lower limb

A

(COMMON) External iliac artery
- also some internal iliac artery

66
Q

Briefly describe how veins drain blood

A

From superficial to deep via perforating veins

The back flow of blood is prevented by valves

67
Q

Name superficial veins in the upper and lower limbs

A

UL :

  • Median cubital
  • Cephalic
  • Basilic
  • Superficial venous palmar arch

LL :

  • Small saphenous
  • Great saphenous
68
Q

Describe deep veins

A

Accompany arteries
Usually as venue comitantes - taking the arteries name

69
Q

What 3 things help blood return to the heart against gravity ?

A

Muscle pump
Arterial pulsation
Negative intrathoracic pressure
(also valves in veins)

70
Q

What are some negative aspects of lymphatics ?

A

Allow the spread of metates or infection

71
Q

What lymph node is associated with the upper limbs ?

A

Axillary

72
Q

What lymph node is associated with the lower limbs ?

A

Inguinal

73
Q

What is Hiltons law ?

A

A nerve innervating a particular muscle acting on a certain joint will also innervate the particular joint and skin overlying the muscle.

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 1 (51 decks)

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