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Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 1 > Arm and Forearm > Flashcards

Arm and Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Describe some features of the arm

A

4 muscles
2 fascial compartments
3 large nerves

LARGE MEDIAL neurovascular bundle

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2
Q

State the muscles in the anterior arm

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

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3
Q

Describe a feature of the biceps brachii

A

2 heads - Long head + Short head

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4
Q

Where do the heads of the biceps brachii attach ?

A

Short head attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula

Long head attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

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5
Q

Where do the heads of the biceps brachii insert ?

A

The 2 heads insert into the forearm via 2 different things :

  • Radial tuberosity
  • Bicipital Aponeurosis
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6
Q

State the innervation of the biceps brachii muscle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
C5,6,7 (MAINLY C6)

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7
Q

State the movement of the biceps brachii

A

Supination - then flexion (synergist in elbow flexion)

Short head associated with stability

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8
Q

Describe features of the coracobrachialis

A

Goes from the coracoid process to the arm.
Runs alongside the short head of biceps

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9
Q

Where does the coracobrachialis attach ?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula

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10
Q

State the innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
C5,6,7 (MAINLY C6)

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11
Q

State the movement of the coracobrachialis muscle

A

Flexion, adduction at GH joint

Associated with stability

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12
Q

State the movement of the brachialis muscle

A

Prime mover in elbow flexion.

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13
Q

State the attachment of the brachialis muscle

A

The anterior surface of the humerus

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14
Q

State the insertion of the brachialis muscle

A

The coronoid process of the ulna

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15
Q

State the innervation of the brachialis muscle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
C5,6

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16
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve become in the forearm ?

A

It becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

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17
Q

What is the biceps reflex ?

A

Deep tendon reflex

Afferents from muscle spindles
Efferent alpha motor neurons

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18
Q

Function of the biceps reflex test

A

Tests C5 and C6 spinal segments
Elicits a flexion jerk

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19
Q

State the muscle(s) in the posterior arm

A

Triceps brachii (has 3 heads)

  • Long head
  • Lateral head
  • Medial head
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20
Q

Where do the heads of the triceps brachii insert ?

A

All 3 heads come together and insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna.

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21
Q

State the innervation of the triceps brachii

A

The radial nerve
C6,7,8 (MAINLY C7 and 8)

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22
Q

Describe the movements associated with the triceps brachii

A

Extensor of the elbow

Long head - shoulder extension (associated with stability)

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23
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior arm compartment ?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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24
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior arm compartment ?

A

Radial nerve

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25
Q

What happens due to damage of the radial nerve ?

A

Paralysis in the muscles of the posterior forearm.

  • Wrist drop (floppy wrist)
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26
Q

Function of the triceps reflex test

A

Tests C6 and C7 (C8) spinal segments
Elicit an extension jerk

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27
Q

State features of the cubital fossa

A

Area anterior to the elbow

Borders
Roof
Floor
Contents

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28
Q

State the borders of the cubital fossa

A

Pronator teres
Brachioradialis

Line between the lateral and medial epicondyles

(this forms a triangle called the cubital fossa)

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29
Q

State the roof of the cubital fossa

A

Bicipital aponeurosis

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30
Q

State the contents of the cubital fossa

A

From medial to lateral :

  • Median nerve
  • Brachial artery
  • Biceps tendon
  • Radial nerve
31
Q

What is different about the radial nerve at the cubital fossa ?

A

Normally the radial nerve runs posteriorly but at the cubital fossa is come anteriorly at the elbow.

It branches into a deep and superficial branch.

The deep branch dives through the supinator muscle deep.

32
Q

State the floor of the cubital fossa

A
  • Supinator
  • Brachialis
33
Q

What structures is found superficial to the cubital fossa ?

A

The median cubital vein

34
Q

What is the anterior forearm innervated by ?

A

Median nerve

(except 1 1/2 muscles by the ulnar nerve)

35
Q

What is the posterior forearm innervated by ?

A

Radial nerve

36
Q

Movements of the anterior forearm

A

Flexors and Pronators

*common flexor origin

37
Q

State the layers of the anterior forearm

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

38
Q

State the contents of the superficial layer of the anterior forearm

A

Contains the following muscles :

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

39
Q

State the superficial muscle of the anterior forearm located laterally

A

Pronator teres
C6,7 (mainly C7)

(located near the thumb)

40
Q

State the order of the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm

(from lateral to medial)

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

41
Q

What is unique about palmaris longus ?

A

C7,8

  • Absent in around 15% of people
  • Evolutionary change
42
Q

Where does the palmaris longus insert ?

A

Palmar aponeurosis

43
Q

What nerve supplies the flexor capri ulnaris ?

A

The ulnar nerve C7,8

NOT THE MEDIAL NERVE

44
Q

State the contents of the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm

A

One muscle :

  • Flexor digitorum superficialis
  • C7,8, T1
45
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert ?

A

Middle phalanges (of the 4 digits) insertion

46
Q

State the insertions of the flexor carpi ulnaris/radialis

A

Inserts into the wrist

47
Q

State the contents of the deep layer of the anterior forearm

A

3 muscles

  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor policis longus
  • Pronator quadratus
48
Q

Describe the innervation of flexor digitorum profundus

A

Medial 1/2 - Ulnar nerve (C8 and T1) : mainly T1

Lateral 1/2 - Anterior interosseous nerve (C8 and T1) : mainly C8

49
Q

State the insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus

A

Distal phalanges insertion

50
Q

Describe the innervation of the flexor policis longus

A

Anterior interosseous nerve (C8 and T1)

51
Q

Describe the innervation of the pronator quadratus

A

Anterior interosseous nerve (C8 and T1)

52
Q

What is the anterior interosseous nerve ?

A

A branch of the medial nerve

53
Q

Pollex meaning

54
Q

Describe the position of the radial artery

A

Passes laterally, running alongside the superficial branch of the radial nerve

55
Q

Describe the position of the ulnar artery

A

Runs alongside the ulnar nerve, and these structures run deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris

56
Q

How can we get neurovascular structures and tendons into the hand ?

A

The carpal arch which is closed over by flexor retinaculum.

57
Q

What is the flexor retuinaculum ?

A

A tendinous/ligamentous connective tissue sheath running across the top of the carpal arch creating a tunnel.

58
Q

State the contents of the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superificialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor policis longus
Median nerve

59
Q

Describe the innervation of the dorsal (posterior) forearm

A

Radial nerve or its branches

60
Q

Movements of the dorsal (posterior) forearm

A

Extensors and Supinators

61
Q

State the groups of the dorsal (posterior) forearm

A

Superficial
Outcropping
Deep

62
Q

State the origin of the dorsal (posterior) forearm muscles

A

Common extensor origin

  • Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
63
Q

State the muscle found in the superficial group of the dorsal (posterior forearm)

A

Brachioradialis

  • Elbow flexor (synergist)
  • 1/2 pronator
  • 1/2 supinator
64
Q

Where does the brachioradialis insert ?

A

Inserts into the distal radius

65
Q

State the reflex associated with the brachioradialis

A

“Supinator reflex”
Elicits a flexion jerk

66
Q

Function of the “supinator” reflex

A

Tests C5 and C6 spinal segments
(mainly C6)

67
Q

What is the supinator reflex muscle ?

A

Brachioradialis

68
Q

State the superificial group of extensor muscles in the forearm

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus - C7 radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis brevis - C7 deep RN
Extensor digitorum - C7 deep RN
Extensor digiti minimi - C7 deep RN
Extensor carpi ulnaris - C7 deep RN

69
Q

State the outcropping muscles of the dorsal (posterior forearm)

A

Abductor policis longus
Extensor policis brevis
Extensor policis longus

Anatomical snuff box

70
Q

What nerve innervates the outcropping muscles ?

A

The posterior interosseous nerve
C7 and 8 (mainly C8)

71
Q

Describe the anatomical snuffbox

A

Crossed by the cephalic vein, dorsal branch of the radial nerve

Contains the radial artery

72
Q

Describe the floor of the anatomical snuff box

A

Scaphoid and Trapezium

73
Q

How is the anatomical snuffbox formed ?

A

Gap between the extensor policis longus and extensor policis brevis

74
Q

State the deep muscles of the dorsal (posterior forearm)

A

Supinator - deep radial nerve C7,8 (mainly 8)

Extensor indicis - post. interosseous nerve (mainly C7)

Medicine Year 1 - Semester 2 - Part 1 (51 decks)

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