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Histology > Introduction to the CNS > Flashcards

Introduction to the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between sections of axons that are myelinated vs non-myelinated?

A

that Na+ channels are at higher concentrations at the nodes of Ranvier

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2
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms for termination of NT

NT: neurotransmitter

A
  1. reuptake
  2. breakdown by enzymes at synapse or axon terminal
  3. autoreceptors on the pre-synaptic terminal that inhibit release of NT
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3
Q

what are the factors that play into the response of a neuron?

A
  • type of neurotransmitter
  • subtype of receptor it binds to
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4
Q

excitatory effects are primarily by…

what is an example?

A

opening cation channels leading to Na+ influx and depolarization

Glutamate

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5
Q

inhibitory effects generally open

give an example.

A

Cl- channels that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic channel

GABA & Glycine

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6
Q

what NT coordinates w/ a cholinergic system?

A

Ach

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7
Q

is Ach excitatory, inhibitory, or both?

A

BOTH

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8
Q

when is Ach excitatory?

A

when bound to nicotinic receptors

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9
Q

when is Ach inhibitory?

A

when bound to muscarinic receptors

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10
Q

what is there a loss of in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

cholingeric neurons

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11
Q

what types of drugs are used in those w/ Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Procholingeric drugs

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12
Q

what types of drugs are used in those w/ Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • anticholinergic drugs
  • prodopaminergic drugs
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13
Q

what types of drugs are used to treat Achizophrenia and other psychotic disorders?

A

antidopaminergic drugs

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14
Q

what types of drugs can be used to treat anti-depresants?

A
  • pronoradrenergic drugs
  • those that increase norepinephrine
  • proseotonergic drugs that increase serotonin
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15
Q

what types of drugs can be used as anti-psychotics?

A
  • antiserotonergic
  • antagonists at 5-HT receptors
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16
Q

what types of systems have inhibitory roles that can be used to treat anxiety and insomnia?

A

GABAergic systems

17
Q

GABA-A receptors are found

A

postsynaptically on target cells

17
Q

GABA-B receptors are…

A

presynaptic auto-receptors that regulate the release of neurotransmitters

18
Q

glutamatergic systems are…

A

stimulatory

19
Q

glutamatergic systems are used for

A

memory storage/retention

20
Q

what are the 8 drug targets in neurosensory disorders?

A
  1. synthesis of neurotransmitters
  2. vesicular packaging
  3. Calcium entry through V-gated Ca2+ channels
  4. postsynaptic receptor agonists/antagonists/modulators
  5. neurotransmitter reuptake
  6. neurotransmitter metabolism
  7. neurotransmitter releasers
  8. action potential generation
21
Q

define Alzheimer’s Disease

A

progressive mental deterioration w/ memory loss and loss of control of body functions

21
Q

Alzheimer’s is characterized by

A

plaques and tangles that form in brain tissue

22
Q

why is monotherapy not effective in treating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

b/c Alzheimers involves multiple NT systems

23
Q

what is the cholinergic hypothesis?

A

memory & learning are associated w/ the cholinergic system so as the system is malfunctioning therapy is directed at enhancing cholinergic function

24
Q

procholinergic drugs are preferred methods of treatments in alzheimer patients; this is done through

A
  • cholingeric receptor agonist
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

cholinergic can be either muscarinic or nicotinic

25
Q

define Parkinson’s Disease?

A

progressive deterioration of neuromuscular system usually beginning unilaterally and leadinging to bilateral rhythmis tremors, rigidity, difficulty initiating movements and bradykinesia

26
Q

unlike Alzhimer’s disease Parkinson’s is primarily the loss of function in

A

a single NT system

27
Q

what is the though about dopamine w/ Parkinson’s treatments?

A

w/o dopamine Ach can have an excitatory effect antagonizing the system and becoming a beneficial treatment

28
Q

what causes cells to fire w/o regulation?

A

malfunctioning or loss of dopaminergic neurons

29
Q

what is the primary goal within the BBB?

A

to increase dopamine

30
Q

why does dopamine itself not easily cross the BBB?

A

b/c of its chemical properties

31
Q

dopamine not being able to cross the BBB leads to the need for a…

A

Dopamine precursor or prodrug

32
Q

what is an example of a dopamine prodrug that is able to readily cross the BBB where dopamine would be inhibited?

A

L-Dopa

33
Q

carbidopa inhibits the peripheral metabolism of ________ to ________ by ____________. this increases the amount of ____________ in the brain

A
  • L-Dopa
  • Dopamine
  • AADC
  • L-Dopa/Dopamine

Histology (7 decks)

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