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Histology > Ethanol and Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Ethanol and Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

define drug abuse

A

use of drug for non-therapeutic purposes to obtain euphoric mood

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2
Q

define psychological dependence

A

strong urge to obtain drug to achieve euphoric mood

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3
Q

define physical dependence

A

state of physiological adaptation to drug

results in withdrawal syndrome

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4
Q

define tolerance

A

state of physiological adaptation to drug such that progressive higher doses are required to produce the desired effects

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5
Q

alcohol/ethanol was initially a

A

‘social drug’

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6
Q

what are the 4 therapeutic indication of ETOH?

A
  1. irreversible nerve block or tumor destruction
  2. topical reduction of body temperature
  3. antiseptic
  4. early anesthetic agent
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7
Q

what are the effects of alcohol?

A

disinhibitor & euphoriant

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8
Q

alcohols produces additive effects w/

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
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9
Q

alcohol has additive effects through what reward pathway of the brain?

A
  • dopaminergic “reward” pathway in the brain
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10
Q

alcohol increases the synthesis or release of….

this leads to….

A
  • endogenous opioid endorphins
  • an increase of dopamine release
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11
Q

in general ethanol acts via

A

modifying activity of ligand-gated ion channels

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12
Q

with ethanol generally what is inhibited and facilitated?

A
  • inhibited: cations (Na+, K+, Ca++)
  • facilitated: anions (Cl-)
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13
Q

alcohol is absorbed via

A

passive diffusion

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14
Q

the distribution rate of alcohol is proportional to

A

blood flow

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15
Q

high concentrations of alcohol reach the brain because of

A
  • large amount of blood flow
  • ease of membrane passage
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16
Q

alcohol metabolism is rapid through a

A

high first pass effect

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17
Q

what does the high first pass effect mean?

A

that more than 90% is metabolized by the liver

18
Q

the metabolism of alcohol occurs by what 2 enzymes in the liver?

A
  1. ADH
  2. ALDH

ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase
ALDH: aldehyde dehydogenase

19
Q

what do chronic alcoholics experience?

A

enzyme induction

20
Q

chronic alcoholics experience enzyme induction which indicates that

A

larger amounts of ethanol are required to reach a blood plasma concentration that will produce the desired effects

21
Q

ETOH is metabolized by

A

zero order kinetics

22
Q

what does zero order kinetics mean?

A

that its concentration independent and a constant amount is metabolized over time

23
Q

what is a drug that is used to discourage the use of alcohol?

A

disulfiram (Antabuse)

24
Q

why is disulfiram (Antabuse) effective in treating chronic alcoholism?

A

b/c it leads to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the plasma which can be really painful to the individual

25
Q

what is the MOA for disulfiram?

A

it inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase leading to the increase acetaldehyde

26
Q

what are the effects of disulfiram?

A
  • flushing
  • sweating
  • nausea
  • tachycardia
27
Q

methanol uses what enzymes for metabolism?

A
  • ADH
  • ALDH
28
Q

what are the metabolites produced from the metabolism of methanol?

A
  • formaldehyde
  • formic acid
29
Q

what adverse effects are produced by formaldehyde & formic acid?

A
  • blindness
  • abdominal and GI disturbances
  • acidosis
  • respiratory failure
  • coma & death
30
Q

what is the common antidote for methanol poisoning?

A

alcohol

31
Q

why is alcohol the antidote to methanol poisoning?

A

ETOH saturates the acetaldehyde enzyme b/c it has a higher binding affinity than methanol

prevents the formation of toxic metabolites

32
Q

what are the 6 primary side effects of alcohol toxicity?

A
  1. GI
  2. liver
  3. pancreas
  4. cardiovascular
  5. kidney
  6. neurological
33
Q

how is the GI affected by alcohol toxicity?

A
  • bleeding ulcers
  • cancer
  • gastritis
34
Q

how is the liver affected by alcohol toxicity?

A

increased NADH leading to a fatty liver and cirrhosis

35
Q

how is the pancreas affected by alcohol toxicity?

A

pancreatitis

36
Q

how is the cardiovascular system affected by alcohol toxicity?

A
  • hypertension
  • tachycardia
  • arrhythmias
37
Q

how are the kidneys affected by alcohol toxicity?

A

ADH is inhibited increasing diuresis

38
Q

how is the neurological system affected by alcohol toxicity?

A

neural atrophy & demyelination

39
Q

why can BAC be 20-30% higher in females?

A
  • smaller volume of distribution (Vd)
  • less First Pass Effect in the liver
40
Q

what is the most common cause of preventable birth defects?

A

FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome)

41
Q

ethanol is considered a ______________ in humans

A

teratogen

42
Q

what are the effects of alcohol abuse during pregancy?

A

abnormalities and retardation of growth and development of the brain and CNS

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