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Histology > Chapter 9: Nerve Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Nerve Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what cells and structures compose the white matter of the CNS?

A
  • axons
  • dendrites
  • neuroglia
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2
Q

what cells and structures compose the gray matter of the CNS?

A
  • neuron cell bodies
  • neuroglia
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3
Q

describe the nucleus of neurons…

A

prominent nuclei and nucleolus

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4
Q

neurons are abundant in..

A

nissl substance

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5
Q

neurons have a well developed

A

Golgi

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6
Q

neurons are NOT

A

mitotic

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7
Q

neurons are known for the production of

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

how are neurons specialized for electrical transmission?

A

by myelin sheaths around the axons

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9
Q

what are the 5 types of neuroglia?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. ependymal cells
  4. microglia
  5. schwann cells
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10
Q

what are the function of oligodendrocytes?

A
  • form myelin sheaths in the CNS
  • allows for saltatory conductions of action potentials
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11
Q

function of actrocytes

A
  • controls extracellular movement by removing excess neurotransmitters
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12
Q

astrocytes communicate via

A

jap junctions

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13
Q

ependymal cells line what part of the brain and spinal cord?

A

ventricles

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14
Q

describe the histology of ependymal cells

A

cubodial w/ microvilli

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15
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A

to produce CSF in the choroid plexus

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16
Q

microglia are ________ cells

A

phagocytic

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17
Q

microglia are derived from

A

monocytes

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18
Q

what is the function of Schwann cells

A

to produce the myelin sheath

forming nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

Schwann cells are aka

A

neurolemmocytes

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20
Q

what protein is used as an immunohistochemical marker for gial cells?

A

GFAP

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21
Q

which cells comprise the BBB?

A

endothelial cells w/ tight junctions

astrocyte processes

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22
Q

what is the function of the BBB?

A

neural protection by restricting passage of molecules & pathogens

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23
Q

what are the 3 layers of CT in peripheral nerves?

A
  1. epineurium
  2. perineurium
  3. endoneurium
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24
Q

the epineurium is the

A

external layer of dense CT

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25
Q

the perineurium…

A

surrounds each fascicle

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26
Q

the endoneurium surrounds each

A

nerve fiber

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27
Q

which of the 3 layer in CT of peripheral nerves contain reticular fibers

A

endoneurium

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28
Q

the reticular fibers of the endoneurium are made by

A

Schwann Cells

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29
Q

what are the 3 meningeal layers?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia Mater
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30
Q

dura mater can be described as

A

dense regular CT

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31
Q

the arachnoid layer can be described as being

A

spider-like w/ a subarachnoid space filled w/ CSF

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32
Q

the pia mater is the

A

innermost meningeal layer

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33
Q

the pia mater is contacted by

A

glial cells

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34
Q

what are the necessary conditions for the successful repair of nerve damage in the PNS?

A
  • soma not destroyed
  • proper reconnection of axon the Schwann cells
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35
Q

describe the process of nerve regeneration in the PNS

A

injury -> distal degradation -> Schwann cell proliferation

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36
Q

Poliomyelitis occurs when

A

a virus enters the motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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37
Q

the virus in poliomyelitis kills ___________ causing ___________.

A
  • neurons
  • paralysis
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38
Q

glioma is resistant to

A

chemotherapeutic agents

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39
Q

what is the average survival rate of patients w/ glioma

A

about 3 months

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40
Q

alzheimer’s can be described as a

A

neurodegenerative disease

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41
Q

what are the 2 characteristic features of Alzheimer’s?

A
  1. Amyloid plaques
  2. NFTs
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42
Q

how are amyloid beta plaques formed?

A

from the proteolysis of APP

APP: amyloid precursoe protein

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43
Q

how are NFTs formed?

A

tau protein forming insoluble plaques

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44
Q

the insoluble plaques in NFTs interfere w/

A

cytoskeletal microtubules

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45
Q

what are the 3 functions of nervous tissue?

A
  1. reception
  2. processing electrical/chemical signals
  3. transmission of electrical/chemical
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46
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the NS?

A
  • functional
  • anatomical
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47
Q

the functional division of the NS composes what 2 subcategories?

A
  1. autonomic
  2. voluntary
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48
Q

the anatomical division of the NS composes what 2 subcategories?

A
  1. CNS
  2. PNS
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49
Q

what types of cells are found in gray matter?

A
  • neuron cell bodies
  • neuroglia
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50
Q

what types of ells are found in the white matter?

A
  • axons/dendrites
  • neuroglia
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51
Q

neurons are known for their ____________ and propagation of __________.

A
  • irritability
  • impulses
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52
Q

what is the characteristic appearance of neurons?

A
  • large soma
  • prominent nucleus & nucleolus
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53
Q

why do neurons typically have a large cell body?

A

to be able to produce adequate neurotransmitters

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54
Q

neurotransmitters are…

A

small peptides

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55
Q

what are the 2 cell processes in neurons?

A
  1. axons
  2. dendrites
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56
Q

axons are used to

A

conduct signals

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57
Q

axons can be very

A

long

58
Q

why are there a lot of dendrites?

A

to increase surface area

59
Q

what is the function of dendrites?

A

to receive signals

60
Q

there is an abundance of what organelle in neurons?

A

RER

  • basophilic
61
Q

what organelle is “well-developed” in neurons?

A

Golgi apparatus

62
Q

neurons are…

A

NON-MITOTIC

63
Q

what protein is typically visible in aged neurons?

A

lipofuchsin

64
Q

describe lipofushin

A
  • brownish pigment in secondary lysosomes w/ digested material
65
Q

neurons communicate with other neurons at

A

synapses

66
Q

what do neurons use for chemical signaling?

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q

what are the special stains used on neurons?

A
  • nissl stain
  • osmium stain
  • silver stain
68
Q

what are the 3 main types of neurons?

A
  1. bipolar
  2. multipolar
  3. pseudounipolar
69
Q

how many axons and dendrites are found in bipolar neurons?

A
  • 1 axon
  • 1 dendrite
70
Q

where are the places that bipolar neurons are found?

A
  • retina
  • olfactory cells
  • cochlear ganglia
  • vestibular ganglia
71
Q

what is the distribution of axons and dendrites in multipolar neurons?

A
  • 1 axon
  • multiple dendrites
72
Q

multipolar neurons are most commonly found in the

A

CNS

73
Q

describe pseudounipolar neurons

A

soma w/ single process that branches

74
Q

in pseudounipolar neurons the process immediately branches into

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • cranial ganglia
75
Q

is the soma of the CNS located in the gray or white matter?

A

gray

76
Q

the soma in the PNS is located in the

A
  • ganglia
  • specialized sensory regions
77
Q

define synapses

A

points of contact between neurons

78
Q

what is released at synapses?

A

neurotransmitters

79
Q

synapses can be either

A

excitatory or inhibitory

80
Q

synapses receive input from the

A

environment and other neurons

81
Q

synapses transmit information to

A

other neurons and effector cells

82
Q

list 5 examples of neuroglia

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. ependymal cells
  4. micorglia
  5. Schwann cells
83
Q

where are Schwann cells found?

A

in the PNS

84
Q

what neuroglia is found in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
  • astrocytes
85
Q

In the CNS, glial cells are more numerous than ___________

A

neurons

86
Q

neuroglia provide ___________ & _____________ support for neurons

A
  • structural
  • nutritional
87
Q

most neurons will die w/o

A

neuroglia

88
Q

neuroglia are NOT capable of transmitting ____________ or forming _______________ but are capable of ___________.

A
  • action potentials
  • synapses
  • mitosis
89
Q

what is the specific marker that is expressed by neuroglia and can be used for immunohistochemical staining?

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

90
Q

oligodendrocytes form the _________ ____________ around axons in the __________.

A
  • myelin sheath
  • CNS
91
Q

the myelin sheath allows for ________________ conduction of action potentials

A

saltatory

92
Q

what is the most numerous type of neuroglia?

A

astrocytes

93
Q

what shape do astrocytes exhibit?

A

a star shape

94
Q

astrocytes are necessary for controlling

A
  • extracellular movement
95
Q

how do astrocytes control extracellular movements?

A
  • removing neurotransmitters
  • releasing metabolites
96
Q

astrocytes communicate via

A

gap junctions

97
Q

astrocytes have ‘end feet’ that envelop ____________ in the _________ as a part of the _______.

A
  • capillaries
  • CNS
  • BBB
98
Q

the BBB is

A

neuroprotective

99
Q

The BBB is composed of

A

endothelial cells & astrocyte processes

100
Q

the BBB restricts the passage of…

A

molecules & pathogens into brain tissue

101
Q

ependymal cells line the ventricles of the

A

brain & spinal cord central canal

102
Q

ependymal cells are typically

A

cuboidal w/microvilli

103
Q

ependymal cells produce

A

CSF in the choroid plexus

104
Q

microglia are

A

phagocytic cells

105
Q

describe microglia

A

short, branched processes

106
Q

microglia also contribute to the brain’s

A

immune protection

107
Q

Schwann cells are aka

A

neurolemmocytes

108
Q

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath of axons in the

A

PNS

109
Q

what are the spaces between adjacent Schwann cells known as?

A

nodes of Ranvier

110
Q

peripheral nerves are large bundles of

A

axons (nerve fibers)

111
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue in the PNS?

A
  1. epineurium
  2. perineurium
  3. endoneurium
112
Q

the epineurium is the external layer composed of

A

dense CT

113
Q

the perineurium surrounds the

A

bundles of fibers (fascicles)

114
Q

the endoneurium surrounds each

A

nerve fiber

115
Q

the endoneurium contains some

A

reticular fibers

116
Q

the endoneurium is made by

A

Schwann cells

117
Q

the CNS is protected and cushioned by the…

A
  1. skull
  2. vertebral column
  3. meninges
118
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
119
Q

the dura mater is composed of

A

dense regular CT

120
Q

the arachnoid meninge can be described as

A
  • spider-like w/ a space beneath it filled by CSF
121
Q

the pia mater is the __________ meningeal layer

A

innermost

122
Q

processes of glial cells contact what layer of the meninges?

A

the pia mater

123
Q

what cushions the brain and spinal cord?

A

CSF

124
Q

CSF is produced by

A

ependymal cells in the 3&4th ventricles

125
Q

CSF is high in ___________ and low in __________

A
  • glucose
  • protein
126
Q

the CSF has no other cells other than the occasional

A

lymphocyte

127
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by

A

arachnoid into venous system

128
Q

peripheral nerves can regenerate if the soma is not

A

destroyed

129
Q

upon injury what portion of the axon degenerates?

A

distal portion

130
Q

axon degeneration leads to the proliferation of

A

Schwann cells

131
Q

the proximal portion of the axon can regenerate if it connects to the

A

proper Schwann cell

132
Q

poliomyelitis contains a virus that enters the…

A

motor neurons of ventral horns of the SC

133
Q

with poliomyelitis paralysis can occur if

A

the virus kills neurons

134
Q

post-polio syndrome leads with neurological issues such as

A
  • limb weakness
  • tremors
  • issues speaking/ swallowing
135
Q

what is a glioma?

A

a tumor arising from glial cells

136
Q

gliomas are resistant to many

A

chemotherapeutic agents

137
Q

alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease the affects

A
  • memory
  • coordination
  • ppl’s ability to function
138
Q

AD is histologically characterized by

A
  • amyloid plaques
  • NFTs
139
Q

amyloid plaques are

A

extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid

140
Q

how are the plaques made?

A

from the abnormal proteolysis of APP

APP: amyloid precursor protein

141
Q

tau under normal conditions is a

A

microtubule stabilizing protein

142
Q

tau forms abnormal “clumps” that interfere w/

A

cytoskeleton’s microtubules

Histology (7 decks)

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