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Introduction to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Amiable skepticism

A

staying open-minded to new ideas and discoveries while staying wary of its support and sources

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2
Q

Genome

A

blueprint with instructions for the body; exists in every cell, genes are turned on or off determining what each cell does

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

made of two strands of DNA, 23 pairs are in each cell

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4
Q

Gene

A

segments of a chromosome which carry the instructions for polypeptides

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5
Q

Polypetides

A

building blocks of proteins, which make up cell structure and give them their purpose

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6
Q

Human Genome Project

A

joint effort by scientists to map out the entire human genome

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7
Q

Dominant genes vs recessive genes

A

dominant genes are expressed whenever they are present, while recessive genes are expressed if they are paired with another recessive genes

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8
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of a person

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9
Q

Phenotype

A

an organism’s (biological) observable physical characteristics; influenced by nature and genotype

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10
Q

Polygenic effects

A

traits influenced by multiple genes

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11
Q

Zygote

A

fertilised egg cell; 8 million possible chromosome combinations for a zygote

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12
Q

Mutations

A

usually result from errors in cell division; can be adaptive or maladaptive; if advantageous these mutations could lead to an evolutionary step

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13
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

study of how genes and environment jointly affect psychological activity

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14
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring via genes

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15
Q

Heritability

A

a statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait is due to genetics

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16
Q

Epigenetics

A

field looking at how the environment affects genetic expression

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17
Q

Forer effect

A

people have a tendency to accept generalisations rather quickly

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18
Q

Gene expression

A

refers to whether or not a gene is turned “on”; gene expression is controlled by the biochemical environment outside the cell, timing in development, overall environment and behavior

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19
Q

Allele

A

specific variants of genes; occurs in pairs: heterozygote & homozygote. Dominant and recessive alleles.

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20
Q

Pseudogenes

A

genes which are currently inactive, but were active for ancestors; deactivated due to certain mutations

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21
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain + spinal cord

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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Made up of all the other nerve cells in the body

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23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of the PNS, accounts for voluntary behavior

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

part of the PNS, accounts for non-voluntary behaviour

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25
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell; receive and transmit information throughout the body

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26
Q

Neural networks

A

joint circuits of neurons

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27
Q

Sensory neurons

A

detect information from the physical world and transmit it further (to the brain)

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28
Q

Somatosensory nerves

A

provide information from the skin and muscles

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29
Q

Motor neurons

A

direct muscles to contract or relax, facilitating movement

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30
Q

Interneurons

A

facilitate communication between the sensory and motor neurons

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31
Q

Neuron structure

A

Dendrite (receive information) > Cell body (collects and integrates information) > Axon (transmits information) > Terminal buttons (send information through releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse)

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32
Q

Action potential

A

also known as neural firing, is an electrical signal sent along an axon

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33
Q

Excitatory signals

A

depolarise the cell membrane, decrease negative charge inside the cell

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34
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

hyper polarise the cell, increase the negative charge inside the cell

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35
Q

Agonist

A

a drug/toxin which enhances certain neurotransmitters; does this by: counteracting cleanup enzymes, blocking re-uptake, mimicking a neurotransmitter, or increasing the availability of a certain neurotransmitter

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36
Q

Antagonist

A

a drug/toxin which inhibits certain neurotransmitters; by: decreasing the availability of the neurotransmitter, an increase in effectiveness of the cleanup enzymes, enhancing re-uptake, or blocking the post-synaptic receptors

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37
Q

Broca’s area

A

left frontal region of the brain, thought to be crucial for speech

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38
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

method which measures electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp

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39
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

a radioactive substance is injected into the bloodstream, allowing scientists to track the most active areas of the brain with a radioactive tracer

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40
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

a magnetic field is used to disrupt the body’s magnetic forces. This causes energy to be released from tissues. The scan can be adjusted to specific types of tissue.

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41
Q

Corpus callosum

A

bridge of myelinated axons connecting two hemispheres of the brain

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42
Q

Frontal lobe

A

responsible for thought, planning, and movement

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43
Q

Parietal lobe

A

responsible for touch and spatial relations

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44
Q

Temporal lobe

A

responsible for hearing and memory

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45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

responsible for vision

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46
Q

Insula

A

houses the gustatory cortex (taste & disgust), perceives awareness of the body related to emotion, as well as pain. Also active when showing empathy for someone else’s pain

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47
Q

Thalamus

A

processes information from all the senses (except smell), then sends it to the rest of the brain for interpretation

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48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main regulator structure, responsible for maintaining homeostasis

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49
Q

Amygdala

A

responsible for responding to emotions

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50
Q

Basal ganglia

A

crucial for planning and directing movement, damage can impair motor habits

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51
Q

Reticular formation

A

network of neurons responsible for general alertness, as well as inducing and terminating sleep

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52
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for proper motor function, motor learning, and motor memory

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53
Q

Synapse

A

space between two neurons, neurotransmitters flow from the presynaptic neutron to the postsynaptic neuron

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54
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances which transmit signals between neurons

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55
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

using a powerful magnet, a specific area of the brain is temporarily deactivated; usually to study functions of areas of the brain

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56
Q

Event-related Potential Technique (ERP)

A

EEG during a specific activity, after which the EEG data obtained is average to provide cleaner data.

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57
Q

Qualia

A

qualitative experiences of the conscious; subjective sensations

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58
Q

Change blindness

A

refers to the fact that someone can only process/ perceive a limited amount of information. as conscious awareness is focused elsewhere, changes may go unnoticed. if it is not attended to, we are not aware of it.

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59
Q

Endogenous attention

A

intentionally directing attention

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60
Q

Exogenous attention

A

attention driven by a stimulus/event

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61
Q

Freudian slip

A

conscious thought is expressed at an inappropriate time

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62
Q

Priming

A

response to a stimulus is influenced by a recent experience

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63
Q

Subliminal perception

A

information/stimulus is processed by the mind but does not reach conscious awareness; little to no effect on large actions but may influence later behaviour

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64
Q

Automatic processing

A

well-learned task which no longer requires a lot of attention to perform (e.g., reading)

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65
Q

Controlled processing

A

task to which extra attention is directed; is slower than automatic processing but increases performance

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66
Q

Concentrative meditation

A

focusing on one thing (e.g., breathing)

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67
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

thought flow without reacting to them

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68
Q

Escapist activities

A

avoidance of real-life problems through being busy with a different activity

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69
Q

Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

A

hypnotised people behave how they expect someone who is hypnotised to behave

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70
Q

Neodissociation theory of hypnosis

A

hypnotic state is an altered state of consciousness, where conscious awareness is separated from other aspects of consciousness

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71
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A

dreaming is the brain combining stored memories with random brain activity to make sense of it

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72
Q

Unihemispherical sleep

A

Brain sides take turns sleeping

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73
Q

Restorative theory of sleep

A

people sleep so their body can rest and repair itself

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74
Q

Circadian rhythm theory of sleep

A

sleep is a product of evolution, as it keeps animals quiet (and safe) at night, when it is most dangerous

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75
Q

Facilitation of learning theory of sleep

A

neural connections made during the day are strengthened at night

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76
Q

Insomnia

A

inability of difficulty to sleep

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77
Q

Pseudoinsomnia

A

dreaming of not sleeping

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78
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing for a short while due to their throat closing; people briefly wake up to gasp for air

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79
Q

Narcolepsy

A

causes episodes of extreme sleepiness, may also experience muscle paralysis

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80
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

disables muscle paralysis which usually accompanies REM sleep

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81
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A

impairment of mental functioning due to a blow or sharp movement of the head

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82
Q

Brain death

A

loss of all brain function

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83
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

alter mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, behaviour. change brain chemistry by altering neurotransmitter systems or imitating a certain neurotransmitter

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84
Q

Stimulants

A

increase behavioural and mental activity, activate the sympathetic nervous system (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines & methamphetamines)

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85
Q

Depressants

A

reduce behavioural and mental activity, depress the central nervous system (slow down neutron communication)

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86
Q

Opioids

A

also known as narcotics, mimic neurotransmitter endorphins to relieve pain

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87
Q

Hallucinogens

A

also known as psychedelics, alter cognition, mood, and perception. change how a person perceives the world

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88
Q

Consciousness

A

our subjective experience of the world

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89
Q

Global Workspace Model

A

consciousness arises as a function of which brain circuits are active

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90
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon (Cherry, 1955)

A

Attention enables you to focus selectively on some things and ignore others

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91
Q

Sensation

A

detection of physical stimuli and transmission of this information to the brain

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92
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

perception of a stimulus based on its physical features

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93
Q

Top-down processing

A

perception influenced by context and previous knowledge

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94
Q

Psychophysics

A

subfield examining psychological experience of physical stimuli

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95
Q

Sensory thresholds

A

absolute threshold: minimum intensity of stimulation needed to trigger sensation
difference threshold: smallest notable difference between two stimuli

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96
Q

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

A

detection is a subjective decision stemming from a sensitivity to the stimulus and criteria to make a decision

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97
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

decrease in sensitivity to constant stimulation

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98
Q

Synesthesia

A

when two senses are mixed together (e.g., sound & sight, sight & taste)

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99
Q

Rods

A

receptor cells which respond at low light. primarily responsible for night vision; do not support colour of fine detail

100
Q

Cones

A

receptor cells which respond to light. responsible for colour vision, light, and detail

101
Q

Retina

A

contains 120 million rods and 6 million cones

102
Q

Ganglion cells

A

first neurons in visual pathway with axons. send signals along their axons to the thalamus, together, the axons form the optic nerve

103
Q

Optic chiasm

A

crossing between the left and right optic nerves, splits the left visual field to the right brain hemisphere and the right visual field to the left brain hemisphere

104
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

ventral stream: perception & recognition, what (occipital lobe > temporal lobe)
dorsal stream: spatial perception, where & how (occipital lobe > parietal lobe)

105
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

there are 3 types of cones sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light (bluish, yellowish, and reddish)

106
Q

Opponent process theory

A

staring at an image for a long time leaves an after-image using the opposite colours

107
Q

Colour spectrum

A

colours visible to human sight only covers from 400nm to 700nm of the electromagnetic spectrum

108
Q

Gestalt principles

A

perception through grouping together objects
1. proximity
2. similarity
3. continuity
4. closure
5. figure
6. symmetry & order

109
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

inability to tell faces apart despite recognition of a face

110
Q

Expertise hypothesis

A

faces are special because they are objects which we extensively interact with

111
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

together, the eyes provide information from the 3-dimensional world

112
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

each eye presents organisational information to infer depth

113
Q

Binocular disparity

A

cue to depth perception originating from the distance between the eyes, giving the brain two overlapping images

114
Q

Convergence

A

eye muscles turning inward to determine depth

115
Q

Motion parallax

A

cue originating from moving, relative to the perceived object

116
Q

Variations in perception

A

quantitative: rate of neural firing & amount of neurons firing
qualitative: different qualities are singled by different neural circuits & difference in patterns of activation across a set of neurons

117
Q

Fovea

A

Middle point of the eye (at the back)

118
Q

Blindspot

A

Spot below the fovea, lacking receptors, where the optical nerve starts

119
Q

Non-associative learning

A

learning to adjust responses to a repeated stimulus

120
Q

Associative learning

A

learning about the link between two stimuli or events which occur together

121
Q

Social learning

A

learning through observation or instruction

122
Q

Habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
dishabituation: increase in response after the familiar stimuli changes

123
Q

Sensitisation

A

increase in behavioural response after exposure to a certain stimulus

124
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning that one stimulus predicts another
a neutral stimulus is associated with a learned stimulus, producing a response.

125
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learn that a behaviour has a certain consequence

126
Q

Behaviourism

A

school of thought (developed by B.F. Skinner) which emphasised the effect of environment on a person’s behaviour

127
Q

Shaping

A

first rewarding actions similar to the desired behaviour, then becoming more specific

128
Q

Premack principle

A

a more potent reinforcer can be used to reinforce a less valued activity

129
Q

Partial reinforcement schedules

A

fixed schedule (predictable) & variable schedule (unpredictable)
interval schedule (based on time) & ratio schedule (based on the number of occurrences)

130
Q

Principle of Equipotentiality

A

any behaviour can be learned as long as it is reinforced

131
Q

Modeling

A

imitation of an observed behaviour

132
Q

Vicarious learning

A

learning about an action’s consequences by observing others exposed to the consequence

133
Q

Instructed learning

A

learning through verbal communication

134
Q

Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1898)

A

performance is strengthened if followed by a reward and weakened if not

135
Q

Memory

A

ability to store and retrieve information

136
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of past memories of events, people, personal information, etc.

137
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

loss of ability to form new memories

138
Q

Implicit memory

A

unconscious/unintentional memory

139
Q

Explicit memory

A

remembering information we know, which can be retrieved

140
Q

Episodic memory

A

memory of past experiences identifiable to a time and place

141
Q

Semantic memory

A

memory of concepts dependent of personal experience

142
Q

Encoding

A

process through which perception becomes memory

143
Q

Schema

A

structure (box) helping to organise and process information

144
Q

Working memory

A

active memory, currently being used; retains and works with multiple pieces of memory, previously known as short-term memory. can hold attended information for 20-30 seconds, capacity ~4 items

145
Q

Long-term memory

A

memory which contains all passive information; ranges from episodic to motor skills. Capacity is unlimited as is duration.

146
Q

Primacy effect

A

people usually remember the first few items of a list better

147
Q

Recency effect

A

people usually remember the last few items on a list better

148
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

a stimulus which was encoded alongside a memory can later retrieve that memory

149
Q

Memory bias

A

altering memories over time so that they align with current beliefs and knowledge

150
Q

Source misattribution

A

misremembering the time, place, or circumstances of a memory

151
Q

Stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups

152
Q

Heuristics

A

fast and efficient strategies used to make decisions

153
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest units of language with meaning

154
Q

Phonemes

A

basic sounds of speech

155
Q

Semantics

A

study of the system of meanings in language

156
Q

Aphasia

A

expressive: difficulty to produce language (Broca’s aphasia)
receptive: difficulty to understand language (Wernicke’s aphasia)
global: difficulty to produce and comprehend language, caused by extensive damage to the left hemisphere of the brain

157
Q

Dyslexia

A

difficulty to read language

158
Q

Psychometric approach to intelligence

A

approach to measuring intelligence based on performance on standardised tests

159
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

ability to understand and learn without prior knowledge

160
Q

Crystallised intelligence

A

knowledge acquired through experience and prior knowledge

161
Q

Flynn effect

A

general increase of IQ scores (3 pts per decade)

162
Q

Teratogens

A

agents which harm a developing foetus

163
Q

Visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish shapes, patterns, and colour

164
Q

Piaget’s stages of development

A
  1. Sensorimotor: birth > 2 yrs; differentiates self; recognises potential for action; achieves object permanence
  2. Pre-operational: 2 > 7 yrs; learns language and representing objects with it; still thinks egocentrically; objects are classified by a single feature
  3. Concrete operational: 7 > 12 yrs; can think logically; achieves conservation of numbers; classifies objects by several features and can order them
    4 Formal operational: 12 yrs and up; can think logically about abstract ideas and systematically test ideas; becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
165
Q

Theory o mind

A

ability to infer what another person is thinking of

166
Q

Kohlberg theory of moral judgement (1984)

A

Pre-conventional: self-interest & personally desirable outcomes
Conventional: conform to rules (law) and external (dis)approval
Post-conventional: abstract principles with reasoning and the value of life

167
Q

Inequity aversion

A

innate sense of fairness/ dislike of unfairness

168
Q

Emotion

A

an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events of internal thought

169
Q

Display rules

A

rules for how and when it is appropriate to show certain emotions; differ between cultures

170
Q

Self-actualisation

A

someone striving to reach their own full potential

171
Q

Yerkes0Dodson Law (1908)

A

performance on difficult tasks increases as arousal increase, up to a certain point, after which performance decreases

172
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief with conflicts with a behaviour

173
Q

Ingroups vs outgroups

A

groups to which one belongs vs groups to which someone does to belong

174
Q

Reciprocity

A

people treat others how others treat them

175
Q

Transitivity

A

people generally share their friends’ opinions of other people

176
Q

Outgroup homogeneity effect

A

tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than in-group members

177
Q

Social identity theory

A

group membership contributes to someone’s sense of self esteem; they identify with their groups

178
Q

Risky-shift effect (Stoner, 1968)

A

groups often make riskier decisions than individuals would

179
Q

In-group favouritism

A

people often give preferential treatment to ingroup members

180
Q

Group polarisation

A

initial attitudes of a group become more extreme over time

181
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency for a group to make decisions based on trying to preserve the group, often leads to bad decision-making

182
Q

Social facilitation

A

presence of others generally improves performance

183
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

acting in a way which benefits others

184
Q

Bystander intervention effect

A

failure to offer help to someone from an observer. chance of help increases if there are less bystanders. Due to diffusion of responsibility, social blunders, and anonymity

185
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

greater exposure to something increases someones attitude towards it

186
Q

Foot in the door

A

agreeing to a small request makes someone much more likely to agree to a larger request

187
Q

Door in the face

A

refusing a large request makes someone more likely to agree to a smaller request

188
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overemphasise internal factors and underestimate external factors for others’ behaviour

189
Q

Prejudice

A

negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype

190
Q

Modern racism

A

subtle forms of prejudice which coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs

191
Q

Modern racism

A

subtle forms of prejudice which coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs

192
Q

Stereotype threat

A

fear/concern to confirm negative stereotypes; impairs performance on a task

193
Q

Social brain hypothesis

A

primates have large prefrontal cortexes because they live in dynamic and complex social groups which change over time

194
Q

Attitude

A

a fairly stable evaluation of something as good or bad

195
Q

Self-serving bias

A

own errors are attributed to situations while own success is attributed to personality

196
Q

Personality

A

people’s characteristics thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviours

197
Q

Trait approach to personality

A

focuses on how people differ in personality dispositions

198
Q

Five-factor theory (McCrae & Costa, 1999)

A

there are five basic personality traits; used by many psychologists
Openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

199
Q

Humanistic approach to personality

A

personality is too complex to be captured by a few traits; emphasise personal experience, belief systems, uniqueness, and inherent good ness

200
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

personality arises from unconscious conflicts and desires

201
Q

Cognitive-behavioural approach

A

personality differences in thinking and behaviour are caused by variations in environment (past and present)

202
Q

Psychopathology

A

disease of the mind

203
Q

Etiology

A

factors which contribute to the development of a mental disorder

204
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

a disorder may develop as a result of an underlying vulnerability combined with a stressful life event

205
Q

Cognitive-behavioural approach to psychopathology

A

psychopathology is the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

206
Q

Internalising vs externalising disorders

A

negative emotions vs impulsive or out of control behaviour

207
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear or anxiety in the absence of true danger
increase in activity in the sympathetic nervous system > creates hypertension > may have lasting health effects
Life prevalence: 4%

208
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

A

constant anxiety and worry about minor matters

209
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of being in a situation where there is no escape

210
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

person experiences major depressive episodes, appetite and weight changes, sleep problems, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, negative attitude and thoughts of death
lifetime prevalence: 20 % (women) & 10% (men)

211
Q

Persistent depressive disorder

A

similar to major depressive disorder, but has less intense symptoms, lasts 2-20 yrs

212
Q

Learned helplessness

A

people feel they have no control over their lives

213
Q

Mania

A

elevated mood that feels like being “on top of the world”

214
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

characterised more by manic than depressive disorders; manic episode tend to be extreme and may result in hospitalisation.

215
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

less extreme mood elevations (hypermania); ess disruptive to a person’s life

216
Q

Schizophrenia

A

alterations in thought, perception, or consciousness

217
Q

Psychosis

A

split or disconnection from reality

218
Q

Delusions

A

symptom of schizophrenia; false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality
persecutory: belief that someone is after them
referential: objects, events, or people are particular significant to someone (e.g., seeing hidden messages only for them)
grandiose: belief that one has great power, knowledge, or talent
identity: belief that one is someone else
guilt: belief that one has committed a terrible sin
control: belief that one’s thoughts and behaviour are being controlled

219
Q

Hallucinations

A

symptom of schizophrenia; false sensory perceptions experienced without an external source. can be auditory, visual, olfactory, or somatosensory

220
Q

Catatonic behaviour

A

symptom of schizophrenia; decrease in responsiveness to the environment

221
Q

Obsessive-compulsive behaviour

A

frequent intrusive thoughts followed by compulsive actions to soothe the anxiety
lifetime prevalence: 2-3 %

222
Q

Psychological disorder

A

illness of the mind

223
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

manual for all the symptoms of mental illnesses; psychologists, psychiatrists, etc, refer to the manual to diagnose someone with a mental disorder

224
Q

Specific phobias

A

intense irrational fear of a specific event of object
people affected are aware of its irrationality
Life prevalence: 13%

225
Q

Panic disorder

A

panic attacks: excessive breathing, hyperventilation, sweating, chest pain, and intense fear
absence of a clear cause

226
Q

Depressive disorders

A

presence of sadness, feeling empty, and irritation
difficulty to sleep, loss of libido, cognitive issues

227
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

person “swings” between two extreme emotional states (mania and depressive episodes)
lifetime prevalence: 4%

228
Q

Psychotherapy

A

generic name for formal psychological treatment

229
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

use of medication to treat a psychological disorder

230
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

based on Freudian theory, aims to help clients examine their needs, defences, and motives as a way of understanding stress
- classic psychoanalysis: hypnosis, free association, dream analysis; intense and little freedom outside of therapy
- modern psychodynamic therapy: disorders result from unconscious conflicts but do not originate from childhood; therapy provides insight and helps solve issues; structured manner to understand the unconscious

231
Q

Behavioural therapy

A

inappropriate learning > needs to be unlearned/relearned
- aversion therapy
- operant conditioning techniques
- systematic desensitisation (exposure therapy)

232
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviours and emotions
therapy encourages client to change their mindset
- cognitive restructuring

233
Q

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

combines cognitive and behavioural therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviours

234
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

also called client-centered therapy (Rogers, 1951). encourages people to fulfil their potentials for personal growth through self-understanding
a disorder is the result of a lack of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and understanding
- showing sincere interest without prejudice
- reflective listening
- group therapy > support

235
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

medication which affect mental processes by changing brain neurochemistry
- antianxiety drugs
- antidepressants
- antipsychotics

236
Q

Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics)

A

short-term treatment of anxiety; benziodopamines > promote relaxation and reduce anxiety; induce drowsiness and are highly addictive

237
Q

Antidepressants

A

primarily used to treat depression
- monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
- tricyclic antidepressants
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

238
Q

Antipsychotics (neuroleptics)

A

used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders with psychosis as a symptom; reduce ‘positive’ symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations; side effects of long-term use exist (e.g., tardive dyskinesia)

239
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

electrodes are placed on the head and an electrical current is administered to produce a seizure

240
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

interrupts neural function in a specific region; mainly used to treat severe depression

241
Q

Placebo effect

A

improvement in physical or mental health after administering a placebo (inert drug)

242
Q

Systematic desensitisation

A

used to treat phobias and OCD
involves gradual exposure to the object

243
Q

Treatment of OCD

A

SSRIs are effective where traditional anxiety drugs are not
Clomipramine
CBT is effective as well
Therapy works very well on its own and is slightly improved by the use of medication

244
Q

Treatment of Depression

A

use of CBT - change depressive mindset
Aaron Beck > change schemas used to understand the world
antidepressants: norepinephrine and serotonin agonists
- side effects: insomnia, anxiety, decreased libido
- only control the symptoms

245
Q

Treatment of Bipolar disorders

A

cannot be treated with psychotherapy
re-regulation of neurotransmission through stabilising the influence of calcium on neural membranes (lithium)
- severe side effects: tremors, weight gain, sedation
- symptom control

Psychology (12 decks)

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