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Psychology > Developmental Psychology and Psychopathology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology and Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Cultural relativism

A

There are no universal standards or rules for labelling a behaviour as abnormal; behaviours can only be labeled abnormal relative to cultural norms

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2
Q

Four dimensions of abnormality (4 Ds)

A
  1. dysfunction
  2. distress
  3. deviance
  4. danger
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3
Q

Biological theories of abnormality

A

View abnormal behaviour as being similar to physical diseases; cure is restoring the body to health

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4
Q

Supernatural theories of abnormality

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and sin; cure is various rituals (religious), exorcisms, confessions, and atonement

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5
Q

Psychological theories of abnormality

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of trauma (e.g. bereavement, chronic stress); cure is rest, relaxation, and a change of environment

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6
Q

Psychic epidemics

A

Phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviours that appear to have a psychological origin

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7
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Study of the unconscious

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8
Q

Behaviourism

A

Study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behaviour

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9
Q

Statistical deviance

A

From this perspective, a child who displays too much or too little of any age-expected behaviour might have a disorder

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10
Q

Sociocultural norms

A

Children who fail to conform to age-related, gender specific, or culture relevant expectations might be viewed as struggling, challenging, or disordered

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11
Q

Psychopathology

A

Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behaviour

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12
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

Maladaptive patterns occur in the context of typical development and result in the current and potential impairment of infants, children, and adolescents

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13
Q

Prevalence

A

Proportion of a population with a disorder

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14
Q

Incidence

A

Rate at which new cases arise

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15
Q

Classification

A

System for describing the important categories, groups, or dimensions of disorders

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16
Q

Diagnosis

A

Method of assigning people to specific classification categories

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17
Q

Categorical classification

A

Assumes that there are groups of individuals with relatively similar patterns of disorder

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18
Q

Differential diagnoses

A

Decisions about mutually exclusive categories of disorders

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19
Q

Theories of abnormality

A
  1. normal as the absence of disorders
  2. normal as a statistical average
  3. normal as an ideal or desired state
  4. normal as successful adaptation
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20
Q

Barriers to mental health care

A
  • perceptions of mental health and child welfare
  • perceptions of psychological problems
  • structural barriers
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21
Q

Theoretical explanatory models of psychopathology

A
  1. Physiological models
  2. Psychodynamic models
  3. Behavioural and cognitive models
  4. Humanistic models
  5. Family or systemic models
  6. Sociocultural models
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22
Q

Competence

A

Effective functioning in important environments

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23
Q

Risk

A

Increased vulnerability to a disorder

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24
Q

Risk factors

A

Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with this increased vulnerability (risk)

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25
Q

Resilience

A

Adaptation (or competence) despite adversity (better-than-expected functioning)

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26
Q

Protective factors

A

Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with this positive adaptation (resilience)

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27
Q

Connectome

A

Diagram of the brain’s neural connections

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28
Q

Behaviour genetics

A

Study of the relationship between genetic variation and psychological traits

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29
Q

Developmental pathways

A

Adjustments and maladjustments are points or places along a life-long map

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30
Q

Equifinality

A

Sets of differing circumstances that lead to different outcomes

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31
Q

Multifinality

A

sets of similar circumstances that lead to different outcomes

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32
Q

Competence

A

Effective functioning in important environments

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33
Q

Core competencies

A
  1. positive sense of self
  2. self-control
  3. decision-making skills
  4. a moral system of belief
  5. social connections
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34
Q

3 biobehavioural shifts

A
  • 2 to 3 months old: routines of feeding, dressing, and comforting
  • 7 to 9 months old: schedules, communication of intentions through gestures and vocalisations
  • 18 to 20 months old: increase independence through exploring
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35
Q

Temperament

A

Early-emerging basic dispositions in the domains of activity, affectivity, attention, and self-regulation

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36
Q

Reactivity

A

A child’s excitability and responsiveness

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37
Q

Regulation

A

What the child does to control their reactivity

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38
Q

Differential sensitivity

A

Some children are more susceptible than other to negative and positive environmental conditions

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39
Q

Resistant/ambivalent attachment

A

Related to inconsistency and unpredictability of care

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40
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Related to inadequate care/neglect

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41
Q

Disorganised attachment

A

Signals a pattern of care in which the caregiver is perceived as fighting, frightened, or malicious

42
Q

Infant mental health

A
  • physiological functioning
  • temperament
  • attachment
43
Q

Social referencing

A

Refers to children looking to their caregivers for advice on how to act in a certain situation (Not exclusive to children)

44
Q

Affective attunement

A

Adjusting yourself to the emotional state of another person

45
Q

Pica

A

Ingestion of non-food substances (e.g. paint, pebbles, and dirt)

46
Q

Rumination

A

Repeated regurgitation of food

47
Q

Avoidant/restricted food intake disorder

A

Characterised by a limited appetite, a severe selectivity of food, or a fear of feeding

48
Q

Sleep-wake disorders

A

Insomnia, disorders of arousal, nightmare disorder

49
Q

Central hypotheses of attachment theory

A
  1. individual differences in the quality of infant-caregiver relationships, are largely the product of the history of interaction with the caregiver
  2. variations in attachment quality are the foundation for later individual differences in personality
50
Q

Attachment styles

A

Secure attachment

Insecure attachment
- resistant/ambivalent
- avoidant
- disorganised

51
Q

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

A
  • lack of organised attachment behaviours
  • do not seek comfort when distressed
  • problems with emotion regulation
52
Q

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)

A
  • little (if any) inhibition with strangers
  • do not socially reference from their caregiver
  • socially superficial and attention-seeking
  • can display inappropriate physical contact
53
Q

History of extreme insufficient care (DSM-5C)

A
  • social neglect or deprivation
  • repeated changes of primary caregivers
  • rearing in settings that limit forming selective attachments
54
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Noticing a conflict and evaluating whether it poses a threat

55
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Trying to understand why the conflict is happening and what the child could do about it (were they to blame?)

56
Q

Sensitivity hypothesis

A

Repeated exposure to conflict reduces a child’s threshold to react negatively, and increases reactivity to conflict

57
Q

Features of friendships

A
  • voluntary
  • reciprocal
  • equal status
58
Q

Effects of friendship

A
  • motivation for empathy
  • shared imaginative play
  • broader social network
  • expectations about social status: acceptance and rejected
59
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Involves impairment in two fundamental behaviour domains:
- deficits in social interactions and communication
- restricted, repetitive, patterns of behaviours, interests, and activities

60
Q

Echolalia

A

Meaningless repetition of words spoken by someone else

61
Q

Social cognition

A

Refers to the ways in which people think about themselves and their social worlds

62
Q

Joint attention

A

Capacity to coordinate one’s visual attention with the attention of another person

63
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to attribute mental states to others

64
Q

Affective social competence

A

Coordination of the capacities to experience emotion, send emotional messages to others and read other’s emotional signals

65
Q

Savant

A

Person with autism who has specific skills, a disharmonious IQ profile, and might be intellectually disabled in other areas of competence (10% of autistic individuals)

66
Q

Central coherence

A

Natural tendency of humans to to see connections between stimuli and behold a whole image

67
Q

Executive functioning

A

Cognitive functions that regulate goal-directed behaviour

68
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Disorders that typically arise first in childhood

69
Q

Neurocognitive disorders

A

Disorders that typically arise in older age

70
Q

Self-regulation

A

Includes one’s own control of emotion, cognition, and behaviour; refers to actions taken to achieve future goals despite conflicting desires in the present

71
Q

Externalising disorders

A

Symptoms are manifested by outward behaviour, such as aggression, defiance, or hyperactivity

72
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A

A sustained pattern of anger, irritability, and defiant or vindictive behaviour

73
Q

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A

Persistent pattern of very problematic behaviour in which there are serious violations of social norms and rules

74
Q

Callous-unemotional characteristics

A
  • lack of empathy
  • lack of guilt or remorse
  • shallow emotions
  • lack of concern about performance
75
Q

Antisocial behaviour

A

Behaviour that harms others or lacks consideration for the wellbeing of others

76
Q

Disruptive behaviour disorders (DSM-5)

A
  • oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
  • conduct disorder (CD)
  • antisocial personality Disorder (ASPD)
  • intermittent explosive disorder (IED)
  • pyromania
  • kleptomania
77
Q

The Cascade Effect

A

When having one risk/promotive factor, this to only predicts a developmental outcome but also causes many other, often unrelated, (mal)adaptive things to happen further in development

78
Q

Hostile attribution bias

A

Tendency to associate any behaviour with something negative/threatening

79
Q

Substance use disorders

A

Disorders that involve chronic difficulties in resisting the desire to drink alcohol or take drugs

80
Q

Gambling disorder

A

Involves the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

81
Q

Substance intoxication

A

Set of behavioural and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system

82
Q

Substance withdrawal

A

Set of physiological and behavioural symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use
- symptoms are typically the opposite of intoxication

83
Q

DSM-5 criteria for Substance Use Disorder

A
  1. impaired control
  2. social impairment
  3. risky use
  4. pharmacological
84
Q

First stage of alcohol withdrawal

A
  • begins within a few hours
  • tremulousness, weakness, profuse perspiration
  • person may experience anxiety, headaches, nausea, and abdominal cramps (may also retch and vomit)
  • person may be flushed, restless, easily startled (but alert), and may begin to see or hear things
85
Q

Second stage of alcohol withdrawal

A
  • begins after 12 hrs
  • includes convulsive seizures
  • may also appear on 2nd or 2rd day of withdrawal
86
Q

Third stage of alcohol withdrawal

A
  • characterised by delirium tremens (DTs)
  • auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations
  • person may develop bizarre delusions
  • person gets little sleep, is agitated, and disoriented
  • physiological symptoms include a fever, perspiration, and an irregular heartbeat
  • this stage is fatal in 10% of cases, due to hyperthermia or collapse of the peripheral vascular system
87
Q

SUD symptoms: impaired control

A
  1. Using larger amounts or over a longer period of time than intended
  2. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control
  3. Great deal of time spent in obtaining, using, and/or recovering from
  4. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use
88
Q

SUD symptoms: social impairment

A
  1. Recurrent use resulting in failure to fulfil major role obligations
  2. Continued use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by use
  3. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of use
89
Q

SUD symptoms: risky use

A
  1. Recurrent use (2 or more) in physically hazardous situations
  2. Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems that is caused or exacerbated by use
90
Q

SUD symptoms: pharmacological

A
  1. Tolerance: defined by need for increased amounts to achieve desired effect or markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
  2. Withdrawal: either with withdrawal symptoms or continued use to relieve or avoid withdrawal
91
Q

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

~ 1%

92
Q

Interactive Drawing Test

A

ASD diagnostic measure of reciprocity

93
Q

Embedded Figures Test

A

ASD diagnostic measure of central coherence
- children with ASD are faster than TD children, which is evidence for a weaker central coherence

94
Q

Most common developmental trajectory of ASD between the ages of 3 and 14

A

Improvements in the communication domain

95
Q

Physical dependence

A

Involves susceptibility to withdrawal symptoms; it occurs only in combination with tolerance

96
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

Noxious physical and psychological effects caused by reduction or cessation of substance intake (e.g., sleep disturbances, headaches, nausea and vomiting, tremors, restlessness, anxiety, and depression); these symptoms can range from relatively mild to life-threatening

97
Q

Psychological dependence

A

A craving or compulsion to use despite the likelihood of significant negative consequences, and is not always accompanied by withdrawal symptoms

98
Q

Addiction

A

Chronic disorder characterised by compulsive drug seeking and abuse, physiological effects, loss of control over the urges to use drugs, and impairment

99
Q

Gateway hypothesis

A

Inclusive stage theory of drug involvement that proposes that the use of alcohol or marijuana acts as a gateway to the use of harder drugs such as cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamines

100
Q

Common liability to addiction model

A

Assumes that there is a nonspecific propensity to use drugs.
This propensity is correlated with both opportunities to use various drugs and the actual use of drugs given an opportunity.
Shared individual and social factors, then, contribute to the use and abuse of multiple substances.

Psychology (12 decks)

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