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Parasitology > Introduction to Protazoa > Flashcards

Introduction to Protazoa Flashcards

1
Q

Is Protozoa multicellular or unicellular? What else is important about them?

A

Unicellular
- single celled, distinct nucleus, microscopic, with greater complexity than other unicellular forms ( bacteria)
- Each protozoa possess specialized organelles
and function as independent organism

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2
Q

Are most Protozoa pathogenic?

A

Most are free living and are not pathogenic but some co-
exist with animal hosts (parasitic protozoa)

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of Protozoa?

A

Life cycle – direct (e.g Eimeria) or indirect (e.g Sarcocystics, Trypanosoma)

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4
Q

What kind of reproduction is seen in Protozoa?

A

Asexual (e.g Giardia) or alteration of sexual and asexual lifecycle (e.g Toxoplasm

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5
Q

Do Protozoa gravitate to a specific host?

A

Varied host specificity – High (e.g Sacocystics, Eimeria) or low (e.g Cryptosporidium)

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6
Q

What is the pathogenicity caused by protozoa?

A

Pathogenicity is caused either by destruction of host cells, toxins or by changes in host immune
system

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7
Q

What is an important consideration for protozoa?

A

Important to consider zoonotic potential

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8
Q

What is important to remember when trying to control, diagnose, and treat protozoal infections?

A
  • Control requires knowledge of complete lifecycle
  • Diagnosis – Morphology, Serological and molecular
  • Treatment may not kill all stages
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9
Q

What are the four groups of Protozoa of veterinary importance? What are they grouped by?

A

Flagellates
Amoebas
Ciliates
Apicomplexans

They are grouped based on their locomotion

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10
Q

What is some important characteristics of Flagellates?

A
  • Locomotion by flagella
  • Mucosoflagellates (Direct life cycle, ex: giardia)
  • Haemoflagellates (Arthropod transmitted, ex: trypansoma)
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11
Q

What is some important characteristics of Ameobas?

A

Locomotion by pseudopodia

  • Direct life cycles
  • Ex: Naegleria fowleri, E. Histolytica
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12
Q

What is some important characteristics of Cillates?

A

Locomotion by cillia

  • Direct life cycles
  • Eg. balantidium coli
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13
Q

What is some important characteristics of Apicomplexans?

A

Locomotion by gliding

Coccidia:

  • Direct life cycle (Ex: elmeria, crypto)
  • Indirect life cycle (Ex: Toxoplasma)

Haemosporida

  • Arthropod transmitted (Ex: Babesia)
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14
Q

What is the morphological characteristics of muscoflagellates?

A
  • Pear shaped
  • Most have direct life cycle
  • e.g Giardia, Tritrichomonas spp. – direct lifecycle
  • Histomonas – Indirect lifecycle ( transmitted by another
    parasite)
    Two stage: Cyst and Trophozite ( only stage in Trypansoma)
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15
Q

In Muscoflagellates, what are the key differences between Trophozoites and cysts?

A

Trophozoite
• Active motile form

• Vegetative form – divides by binary
fission

• Doesnot survive well in the
environment

• Only stage in Trypanosoma

Cyst
• Non-motile

• Environmentally resistant stage

• Can survive for months in wet and
cool conditions

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16
Q

In muscoflagellates, what is a more simple breakdown of trophozoite vs. cyst stages?

A

Trophozoite stage is the feeding stage of the protozoan. Cyst stage is the dormant, resistant infectious stage of the protozoan

17
Q

How are hemoflagellates transmitted?

A

Arthropod transmitted

18
Q

Where are hemoflagellates found?

A

Lie in blood/ tissues of animals/ humans

19
Q

What are the 3 different forms of hemoflagellates and what makes them differ from one another?

A
  • Amastigote – Mammalian intracellular form
    No flagella or undulating membrane
  • Promastigote – Arthropod gut form
    Long flagella, spindle shaped body
  • Trypomastigote- Mammalian blood form
    Long flagella, spindle shaped body
20
Q

What are apicomplexans? What are some key characteristics?

A
  • Obligate intracellular pathogens
  • Designed to get inside cells – Apical complex (organelle for invasion)
  • Complex lifecycle – Direct (D) or indirect (I)
  • Life cycle alternates between sexual and asexual reproduction
21
Q

What are 3 types of apicomplexans?

A
  1. ) Intestinal (coccidia)
  2. )Systemic
  3. ) Blood
22
Q

What kind of life cycle do intestinal apicomplexans have and what are some examples?

A

Direct Lifecycle (Examples: Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Cystoisospora)

23
Q

What kind of life cycle do Systemic apicomplexans have and what are some examples?

A

Indirect lifecycles ( Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis)

24
Q

What kind of life cycle do blood apicomplexans have and what are some examples?

A

Indirect- Arthropod transmitted

(Ex: Babesia, Cytauxzoon)

25
Q

What are the steps to the lifecycle of intestinal coccidia?

A

1.) Dog is infected (sporulated oocysts of isospora enter the gut)

2.) The shell of the oocyst Sexual reproduction breaks down and (GAMETOGONY) – releases parasitic production of male and sporozoites, which female gametes and penetrate intestinal fusion, resulting in epithelial cells
fertilized zygote

  1. ) Asexual Reproduction (Merogony)
  2. ) Sexual reproduction breaks down and (GAMETOGONY) – releases parasitic production of male and sporozoites, which female gametes and penetrate intestinal fusion.
  3. ) Zygote is created
  4. )Zytoge developes into an oocyst that exits the canine host in feces
    (6) the oocysts sporulate (SPOROGONY) in the environment in a few days and becomes infectious to new dogs.
26
Q

What is the lifecycle of systemic coccidia (toxoplasma)?

A

Asexual (merogony) and sexual
(gametogony) phase in definitive hosts

  • Only asexual (division, multiplication) in
    Intermediate hosts
  • Only for toxoplasma, transmission can
    occur between intermediate hosts!
  • For other systemic coccidia (Sarcocystis,
    neospora)
  • transmission to definitive hosts occurs
    by ingesting the cysts in the tissue of
    the IH, and - transmission to IH occurs via ingestion
    of sporulated oocyst!
27
Q

What is the lifecycle of blood apicomplexa?

A

Ex: Babesia Canis

  1. ) Tick has blood meal from infected animal, and sporozoites remain in the salivary glands of ticks.
  2. ) Sexual reproduction of protazoa occurs within the tick, and tick takes bloodmeal from new host.
  3. ) New host is innoculated via bite.
  4. ) Asexual reproduction occurs within the hosts erythrocytes.

Cycle repeats.

28
Q

What is a rare way blood ampicomplexans can be transmitted, other than through an arthropod vector?

A

Iatrogenic transmission is also possible
through blood transfusion or blood- contaminated fomites.

29
Q

How can you diagnosis a protozoal infection? What does each test detect?

A
  1. ) Fecal testing- microscopy (fecal float/ smear for intestinal protozoa)
    - can detect f cysts, torphozoites, oocysts in feces (quick diagnosis in clinical cases)
  2. ) Blood testing- Direct smear, stained smear (Blood protozoa are specific on the types of blood cells they infect!)
  3. ) Serological/ Molecular methods
    - Examination of blood/ serum for Antibody against parasites (serology)
    - Examination of feces for parasite/ antigen ( active infection)
    - Extracting DNA of the parasite and sequencing- High accuracy.
30
Q
A

Parasitology (10 decks)

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