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Parasitology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Arthropods are the smallest phylum in the animal kingdom?

A

False - they are the largest

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2
Q

What groups are encompassed within Arthropods?

A

Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp), Arachnids (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions), and Insects

(bugs, ants, bees, moths, flies, fleas, mosquitoes)

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3
Q

What are some problems caused by arthropods?

A
  • Annoyance
  • toxins/ Venom
  • Allergic Reactions
  • Invasion of host tissues/ trauma
  • Disease/ pathogen transmission
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4
Q

What are the important arthropod groups?

A
  • Arachnids and Insects
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5
Q

What are 2 groups within Arachnids?

A

Mites and Ticks

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6
Q

What is some important general information about arachnids?

A

2 distinct body parts – cephalothorax and
abdomen
• 8 legs attached to cephalothorax, no
wings or antennae
• Actively feed on host tissues and fluids at
some stage of their lifecycle

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7
Q

What are the 4 groups within Insects?

A
  • Hemiptera (Bugs)
  • Phthiraptera (Lice)
  • Siphonaptera (Fleas)
  • Diptera (Flies)
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8
Q

What is some important general information about insects

A

3 distinct body parts – head, thorax, abdomen
• 6 legs, 2 antennae, 2 pairs of wings attached
to thorax
• Actively feed on host tissues and fluids at some
stage of their lifecycle

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9
Q

What are some important characteristics of mites?

A
  • Dorsally flattened
  • small < 1mm
  • 6 legs as larvae to nymph
  • 8 legs as an adult
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10
Q

What are the features of mites that are diagnostically important?

A

l length of pedicel ( stalk connecting leg to caruncle) and caruncle (cup like sucker)

  • Chilicerca (feeding mouthparts)
  • Location of anus and anal plate
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11
Q

What are the two types of mites? What are some differences between them?

A
  • Burrowing mites- Short stumpy legs, circular shape, smaller than surface mites. They tunnel into skin.
    ex: Demodex
  • Surface mites- Long distinct legs, generally round to oval shape, larger than burrowing mites, remain on the surface
    ex: Otodectes
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12
Q

What is the lifecycle of mites?

A

Egg -> Larvae-> Nymph -> Adult

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13
Q

How are mites transmitted?

A

By contact (direct and indirect)

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14
Q

What symptoms/ issues can mites cause?

A
  • No effect to sever dermatitis (mange)
  • Hypersensitivities ( allergic reactions)
  • Excoriation and secondary bacterial infection.
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15
Q

What are Ticks?

A

Well-known vectors of human and veterinary pathogens (e.g Lyme, Ehrlichia etc.)

  • Most important in veterinary field **
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16
Q

What are some key features of ticks?

A
  • Dorso-ventrally flattened
  • Larvae 6 legs, nymph and adults 8 legs
  • Not very host specific
  • Sexual dimorphism obvious
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17
Q

What are the two types of ticks?

A

Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and Soft ticks (Argasidae)

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18
Q

What are some important features of Hard ticks?

A

Mouthparts visible when seen from above

• “Plate” on the back – Scutum

• Found in habitats rich with vertebrate hosts,
moist woodlands, forest edges, hiking trials

• More important (parasitize more people/animals
and more diseases in the US)

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19
Q

What are some important features of Soft ticks?

A
  • Mouthparts invisible when seen from above
  • Lack scutum – wrinkled body

• Found in animal burrows, dens. Can survive
hot and dry conditions

• Less common. Species of veterinary
importance are Ornithodorous spp., and
Otobius spp.

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20
Q

What ticks are the most important in veterinary medicine?

A

Hard ticks and 3 host ticks

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21
Q

What is the lifecycle of 3 host tick?

A
  1. ) Adults will feed/ mate on third host
  2. ) Female will drop off host and oviposit
  3. ) Eggs will hatch and 6 legged larva will feed on first host.
  4. ) Larva will leave after feeding and then molt to nymph
  5. ) 8 legged nymph will feed on second host, then leaves and molts to adult
  6. ) Cycle repeats
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22
Q

What is the life cycle of the one host tick?

A
  1. ) Eggs hatch and 6 legged larva find host.
  2. ) Larva has 2 molts on host.
    - First molt to 8 legged nymph.
    - 2nd molt to adult on host
  3. ) Adults mate
  4. ) Female drops off host and oviposits
  5. ) cycle repeats
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23
Q

What is the action the tick is doing in this photo?

A

Questing- Host seeking behavior

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24
Q

What are some issues ticks can cause?

A

All ticks can cause:

  • Anemia
  • Dermatitis, alopecia
  • Local bacterial infection of bites

Some ticks:

  • Paralysis: Salivary toxin of female tick
  • Pathogen transmission
  • Alpha-gal syndrome (red meat allergy)
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25
Q

What are some general characteristics of lice?

A
  • Dorso-ventrally flattened
  • 6 legs
  • High host specificity, also site specific
  • Divided into two main groups
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26
Q

What are the two types of lice?

A

Chewing/ biting lice (Mallophaga)

Sucking louse (Anoplura)

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27
Q

What are the key characteristics of Chewing/ biting lice? Sucking louse?

A

Chewing/ Biting Lice:

  • Wider head (wider than thorax)
  • Occurs mainly on birds, occasionally on mammals
  • Stout mandibles

Sucking Louse:

  • Head narrower than thorax
  • Nearly every mammal can be infested by sucking louse
  • Piercing mouthparts
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28
Q

What is the duration of the lifecycle of lice?

A

Entire lifecycle (20 – 40 days) on the host

29
Q

How long can lice live off of the host?

A

Can live 2-3 weeks off the host but usually less than a week

30
Q

How are lice transmitted?

A

Direct or indirect contact – Grooming instruments

31
Q

When is infection more likely to occur with lice and what are the effects lice can have on the patients?

A
  • Infestation more common in the winter in northern climates – long
    hair
32
Q

What are some key features of fleas?

A
  • Laterally flattened §
  • 6 legs
  • Not host specific
  • Lack wings but strong claws (attachment) and hind legs adapted for jumping
  • Chewing mouthpart
33
Q

What is the diagnostic feature for fleas?

A

Shape of head and combs

34
Q

What is the flea lifecycle? What conditions are optimal for growth/ survival of fleas?

A

Egg -> Larvae (1-3) -> Pupae -> Adult

Conditions: Warm and humid ( 75-90 degrees, 60-85 % humidity)

More Descriptive Life cycle:

  1. ) Eggs laid on hosts and are dislodged from the coat while shaking, scratching
  2. ) Development to larvae, pupae (inside cocoon) in the animal resting site.
  3. ) Larvae feed on flea poop “flea dirt”
  4. ) Adult hatch from cocoon when the host is nearby
35
Q

What do flea larvae feed on?

A

Adult flea poop or “flea dirt”

36
Q

When do adult fleas hatch from the cocoon?

A

When host is nearby.

37
Q

What signs/ symptoms can effect patients with fleas?

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Flea bite hypersensitivity (Flea allergy dermatitis, FAD in dogs)
  • Anemia (rare, young animals)
38
Q

What are some pathogens that can be transmitted by fleas?

A
  • Pathogen transmission:
  • Plague
  • Flea-borne typhus
  • Feline parvovirus
  • Tapeworms (D. caninum)
  • Nematode (A. reconditum)
39
Q

What is some general information about bugs?

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened. Some bugs look like lice
  • Variable host specificity

– e.g Bed bug can bite both people and pets

  • Blood feeders
  • Bugs don’t live on people/pets, they bite host only when they need blood meal
  • Mostly feed at night, during day hide in crevices
40
Q

What is the lifecycle of bugs?

A

Eggs ->Nymph (5 instars (stages) ) -> Adult

  • Bloodmeal is needed before each molt.
  • Adults can live for up to 1 year and can survive long period without feeding
41
Q

What are some key characteristics of flies?

A

§ Important group of animal ectoparasites
§ Most have one pair of wings (adults)
§ Greatly vary in size, colour, food preference and
developmental stage that parasitize animals.
§ Adults feed on blood, saliva, tears, mucous of
hosts

§ Vectors and Intermediate hosts for many
pathogens microparasites
§ Larval stages may cause myiasis (s/c tissue,
respiratory track or GI track

42
Q

What are the 3 types of flies and what is some general information about each?

A
  1. ) Biting fly - Damaging stage is adult fly, blood sucking.
    - Scissor like mouthparts
  2. ) Non- biting (nuisance flies)- can cause nuisance and stress.
    - Mouthpart has soft, spongy structure called labella and proboscis.
  3. ) Myiasis causing flies- Damage caused by maggots (larvae) that feed on host tissues. Adults are non biting.

ALL CAN TRANSMIT DISEASES

43
Q

What are some examples of Biting Flies?

A
  • Horsefly
  • deer fly
  • Horn fly
  • Stable fly
  • Black fly
  • Biting midge
  • Sand fly
  • mosquitoes
44
Q

What are some examples of non biting flies (nuisance flies)?

A
  • Face fly
  • Head fly
  • House fly
45
Q

What are some examples of myiasis causing flies?

A
  • Blowfly
  • Horse bot fly
  • Human bot fly
  • Nasal bot fly
  • Screwworm fly
  • Warble fly
46
Q

What is the lifecycle of biting flies?

A
  1. ) Adult flies feed on horse
  2. ) After each meal, female lays eggs on ground with suitable substrate
  3. ) Eggs hatch in 12-24 hours to first instar larvae
  4. ) Larvae mature through three instars to pupae within puparia, then to adults within puparia.
  5. ) Adults emerge from puparia and can fly within an hour.

Life cycle completes within 12-20 days depending on environmental conditions.

47
Q

What is the lifecycle of horse bot flies?

A
  1. ) Fly lays eggs no hairs, around legs, shoulders, neck and mouth.
  2. ) Horse injests eggs
  3. ) Eggs will attach to stomach / intestinal wall and grow into larvae (here they will live for 8-10 months)
  4. ) Larvae pass out in feces
  5. ) Larvae mature through three instars. Pupae withing puparia, and then to adults within puparia. This occurs in about 3-10 weeks.
48
Q

What is the pathogenesis of flies?

A
  • Harassment (common)
  • Anemia (rare)
  • Dermatitis/local infection
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Organ-specific damage
  • General tissue necrosis
  • Pathogen transmission
49
Q

List the arthropods in order of decreasing host specificity.

A

Lice

Mites

Fleas

Ticks

Flies

50
Q

How do you diagnose arthropod parasites?

A
  • Morphology of adult/ larval/ egg stages
  • Skin inspection
  • Ticks/ flies - easily visible (remove intact organism and look at with disecting microscope)
  • Examine third instar larvae of flies- spiracular plate
  • Mites- skin scraping- superficial/ deep
  • Tissue digestion using 5% KOH (for mites during deep scraping)
51
Q

What arthropod are these?

A

Flies

52
Q

What is this arthropod?

A

Bug (Specifically bed bug)

53
Q

What is this arthropod?

A

Fleas

54
Q

What is this arthropod? Bonus: What is its scientific name?

A

Chewing/ Biting Lice

Bonus: Mallophaga

55
Q

What is this arthropod? Bonus: What is its scientific name?

A

Sucking Louse

Bonus: Anoplura

56
Q

What is this arthropod? What subtype is it?

Bonus: What family is it from?

A

Tick

Subtype: Hard Tick

Family: Ixodidae

57
Q

What is this arthropod? What subtype is it?

Bonus: What family is it from?

A

Ticks

Subtype: Soft Ticks

Family: Argasidae

58
Q

What is this arthropod? What is its subtype? Bonus : Example of one of them.

A

Mites

Subtype: Burrowing Mite

Example: Demodex

59
Q

What is this arthropod? What is its subtype? Bonus : Example of one of them.

A

Mites

Subtype: Surface Mites

Example: Otodectes (Ear mites)

60
Q

Why are arthropods an important group of ectoparasites?

A
  • Intermediate hosts for other parasites and vectors for micro-parasites
  • Very successful and adaptable – high reproductive potential
61
Q

What are some arthropods that cause allergic reactions?

A

Bites or stings by lice, bugs, fleas etc

62
Q

What are some arthropods that cause disease/ pathogen transmission?

A

Kissing bugs – Chagas disease

Mosquitoes - dog heartworm

Ticks - Lyme, Anaplasmosis, ect

63
Q

What is the consequences of arthropods that invade host tissue?

A
  • Cause trauma
  • Invade the body tissue of the host
  • Fly larvae invasion – Myiasis
  • Dermatitis, pruritus (itching
64
Q

How long does it take a mite to go through an entire life cycle? Where does it take place?

A
  • Entire lifecycle completes on the host.
  • Length of life cycle varies, few day (Sarcoptes) to weeks
65
Q

How long can mites last in the environment?

A

Environmental survival limited (Only some species can survive few weeks outside the host)

66
Q

What is a consequence of infection of lice?

A
  • Pediculosis – Pruritus, alopecia, excoriation, hair loss, anaemia
67
Q

Fleas can be intermediate hosts to what ?

A

Some nematodes

68
Q

How are bugs transmitted?

A

Through contact. They live mostly in the environment, in crevices

Parasitology (10 decks)

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