Introduction to Pneumonia

Question 1

what is consolidation of lungs?

Answer 1

Is when lungs become solid because air in the alveoli and distal airway replaced by dense material such as fliud, exuadate, blood abnormal cells.

Question 2

Parenchymal

Answer 2

the functional tissue of an organ as distinguished from the connective and supportive tissue.

Question 3

What is an empiric treatment?

Answer 3

the treatment is given based on the experience without precise knowledge of the cause or nature of a disorder.

Question 4

what is pneumonia?

Answer 4

a serious illness affecting one or both lungs that makes breathing difficult. usually due to infection of distal airways and alveoli, , characterized by inflammation leading to collection of fluid or pus (exudate) in the alveoli, leading to impaired breathing.

double pneumonia- affecting both lungs

Question 5

what are Classification of pneumonia according to anatomical site?

Answer 5

we have :Lung abscess pneumonia.
broncho-pneumonia.
lobar pneumonia.
interstitial pneumonia.

Question 6

broncho-pneumonia vs lobar pneumonia.

Answer 6

Bronchopneumonia is characterized by focal inflammation centered on the
airways: it is often bilateral.

lobar pneumonia is characterized by diffuse inflammation affecting the entire lobe. Pleural exudate is common.

Question 7

pneumonia makes breathing difficult and air-exchange difficult by various mechanisms:

Answer 7

reduces lung compliance
* increases resistance
* obstructs smaller airways may result in collapse of distal air spaces and air trapping
* altered ventilation-perfusion relationships

Question 8

severe infection of Resp Tract is associated with ?

Answer 8

necrosis of bronchial or bronchiolar epithelium / pulmonary parenchyma

Question 9

how do pathogens reach the lungs ?

Answer 9

By inhalation and aspiration.

• If infective particles small enough to reach lower respiratory tract on inspiration and are
  not blocked by host defences

aspiration of secretions or fluids from upper airways, including vomitus

Question 10

clinical findings of Pneumonia

Answer 10

Signs of infection- fever/ chills
cough-productive
chest pain
dyspnoea
hypoxia-confusion and cyanosis
lung consolidation
crackles sounds on auscaltation.

Question 11

what are complications of pneumonia?

Answer 11

Pleural effusion
pleural emphysema
Lung abscess
permanent damage to lungs
Death.

Question 12

How can pneumonia can be diagnosed ?

Answer 12

Clinical examination
radiology
microbiology

Question 13

Radiology

Answer 13

X-ray is performed and the lungs appears black - air

in pneumonia- the lung is consoled therefore appears white

Question 14

TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA

Answer 14

antibiotics
oxygen
hydration