Bacterial infections of the respiratory tract proximal to the Alveoli

Question 1

what is a snot

Answer 1

nasal mucus

Question 2

Haemophilus influenzae

Answer 2

Haemophilus literally meaning blood loving

Requires special nutrients found in blood for growth in
laboratory
Frequently grown on ‘chocolate agar’ or boiled blood
agar
Has typical smell of ‘snot’

Question 3

Haemophiles influenzae Gram stain appearance

Answer 3

gram negative stain- stains pink
either cocco - bacilli

Question 4

most of type of capsule virulent

Answer 4

Type B most virulent

Question 5

where is the Unencapsulated strains of H. influenzae commonly colonies

Answer 5

upper respiratory tract.

Question 6

encapsulated strain, primarily type B can cause serious disease like:

Answer 6

meningitis, arthritis, epiglottitis

Question 7

the encapsulated / non encapsulated causes local disease:

Answer 7

otitis media, rhinitis, sinusitis and pneumonia

Question 8

Acute otitis media?

Answer 8

infection of the middle ear

Question 9

what causes otitis media?

Answer 9

• Due to different viruses, sometimes with bacterial
  secondary infection:
  Mainly S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae
  Sometimes S. pyogenes or S. aureus
  Occasionally others

Question 10

symptoms of a patient with otitis media:

Answer 10

fever, pain, irritation, vomiting and diarrhea.

Question 11

examination / clinical findings of otitis media patient?

Answer 11

redness of tympanic membrane,
fluid accumulation in the middle ear, causing bulging and
occasional perforation
and discharge.

Question 12

discharge from the middle ear.

Answer 12

most of the time patient with discharge is when there is a pre-existing perforation of the ear drum with chronic discharge.

this is called chronic suppurative otitis media.

Question 13

Treatment of Otitis media

Answer 13

we no longer giving antibiotic its viral

azithromycin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav

Question 14

Acute sinusitis

Answer 14

Infection of sinuses
* Caused by viruses, and sometimes secondary bacterial infections (same organisms as otitis media)
* Symptoms: pain, fever, feeling of blockage or pressure
* Similar dilemma about giving antibiotics
* Usually only if symptoms persist > 10 days or get worse or are very severe or patient looks toxi

Question 15

symptoms of acute sinusitis

Answer 15

symptoms: pain, fever, feeling of blockage or pressures

Question 16

acute Bronchitis o

Answer 16

• Refers to laryngo-bronchial tree
• Acute bronchitis
• usually viral, self limiting
• Cough, sputum production, fever, but doesn’t affect breathing

Question 17

chronic bronchitis

Answer 17

due to smoking and pollution.

Question 18

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas.

Answer 18

symptoms get worse for period of week or so
* may be due to infection, but mostly probably due to viruses
* Role of bacterial infection uncertain- antibiotics often prescribed
* Great potential for overuse of antibiotics

Question 19

Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas.

Answer 19

symptoms get worse for period of week or so
* may be due to infection, but mostly probably due to viruses
* Role of bacterial infection uncertain- antibiotics often prescribed
* Great potential for overuse of antibiotics