Introduction to Physiology

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branch of biology that deals with the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts.

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Physiology

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focuses on understanding how various bodily systems and processes work together to maintain life and enable the organism to adapt to its environment.

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Physiology

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It encompasses a wide range of topics, including the functions of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules, as well as the mechanisms by which living organisms regulate and respond to changes in their internal and external environments.

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Physiology

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• helps the body maintain a
  stable internal environment

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Homeostasis

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What are the three components of Homeostasis?

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Receptor, Control center, Effector

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• Examines the functions
  of individual cells, including their metabolism, energy production, and specialized processes
  such as cell division and signal transduction

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Cellular physiology

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• Focuses on understanding
  how specific organs work, their structures, and
  the functions they perform. This includes
  organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.

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Organ physiology

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Explores the interactions between different organs to form
organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems.

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Systemic physiology

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Investigates the complex
workings of the nervous system, including how nerve cells transmit signals, how the brain processes information, and how the body responds to various stimuli

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Neurophysiology

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Studies the endocrine
system and its hormones, which regulate
various physiological processes such as
metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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Endocrine physiology

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Examines the mechanics
of muscle contraction, the physiology of muscle tissues, and the role of muscles in movement.

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Muscle physiology

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• Explores the functions of the heart and blood vessels, including circulation, blood pressure regulation, and the transport of nutrients and gases.

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Cardiovascular physiology

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Focuses on the mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, and how the respiratory system maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

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Respiratory physiology

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Studies the processes involved in digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the functions of organs like the stomach, intestines, and liver.

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Digestive physiology

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Examines the functions of the kidneys, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, as well as their role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance

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Renal physiology

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• Investigates the processes of reproduction, including gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, and the hormonal regulation of reproductive functions

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Reproductive physiology

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Compares physiological processes across different species to identify common principles and adaptations that have evolved over time

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Comparative physiology

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Focuses on understanding how various physiological systems interact and collaborate to maintain overall homeostasis within an organism

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Integrative physiology

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Explores how organisms adapt to different environments, such as extreme temperatures, high altitudes, or aquatic habitats

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Environmental physiology

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Physicians use knowledge of physiological
processes to diagnose and treat diseases. Understanding how different organs and systems function helps doctors identify abnormalities and determine appropriate treatments.

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Diagnosis and Treatment

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Physiological insights guide medical professionals in providing effective care. For example, knowing how medications are metabolized in the body helps ensure safe and appropriate dosages.

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Patient care

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Surgeons rely on physiological principles to perform procedures. Knowledge of blood circulation, organ function, and tissue healing is essential for successful surgeries.

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Surgical procedures

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A solid grasp of physiology informs health advice. Professionals can tailor exercise, nutrition, and lifestyle
recommendations based on how the body responds to different inputs.

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Lifestyle recommendation

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Understanding the physiological basis of diseases enables the development of preventive measures and strategies to maintain health and prevent illness.

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Preventive care

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Physiological research contributes to a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms, drug interactions, and treatment outcomes. It lays the foundation for medical advancements and breakthroughs.

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Advancing medical knowledge

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Pharmacologists and researchers study how drugs interact with the body at a physiological level, leading to the development of more effective and safe medications.

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Drug development

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Physiological experiments help researchers study specific processes in controlled environments, contributing to the expansion of scientific knowledge.

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Experimental studies

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Physiology is a fundamental component of medical education. Medical students and healthcare professionals need a strong understanding of physiological principles to provide high-quality care.

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Medical training

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Physiology provides a basis for understanding life processes, helping students grasp the intricacies of living organisms and their functions.

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Biology and Life sciences

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Engineers use physiological principles to design medical devices, prosthetics, and technologies that interface with the human body.

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Biomedical engineering

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Professionals in the pharmaceutical sector require physiological knowledge to develop effective drugs and therapies

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Pharmaceutical industry

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Understanding physiological factors helps epidemiologists study patterns of disease occurrence, transmission, and risk factors within populations.

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Epidemiology

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Physiological insights inform health policies and regulations aimed at improving public health and well- being.

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Health policy

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Coaches, trainers, and athletes utilize physiological principles to optimize training programs, enhance performance, and prevent injuries.

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Performance enhancement

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Understanding how the body responds to exercise and injuries aids in developing rehabilitation protocols.

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Injury recovery

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Physiology plays a role in understanding how organisms adapt to environmental changes, aiding conservation efforts and understanding ecosystem dynamics

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Adaptation

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Why study physiology?

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Medicine Health and Wellness Research Education Biotechnology and Industry Public health Sports and Exercise Environmental sciences

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Levels of Organization in Living system

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Chemical level Cell level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level

Question 39

 The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup.  involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.  This is important because a molecule’s structure determines its function.

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Chemical level

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 Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and animals.  Molecules can combine to form organelles which are the small structures that makeup some cells.

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Cell level

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 is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.  The many tissues that make up the body are classified into four primary types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

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Tissue level

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 is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.  Examples of some of our organs include the heart, stomach, liver, and urinary bladder

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Organ level

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 is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.  For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.

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Organ system level

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 Organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as human.  The human organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

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Organism level

Question 45

What are the organ system of a human?

Answer 45

Intergumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive