Animal Physiology 1 Flashcards
Function of the body and all its parts
Physiology
Skin and skin appendages
Hair, nails, horns, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
Integumentary system
Protective layer against disease, infection, sun, and potentially harmful elements
Skin
Layers of skin
Epidermis and dermis
Outer layer of skin, no blood cells-
Inner layer of skin, irregular connective tissue-
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair
Scales
Hoofs
Feathers
Claws
Horns
Nails
Skin appendages
Comprised of protein and regulating body temperature
Hair, wool, feather
Small bundle of smooth muscle fibers
Arrector pill
Principal glands of the skin
Sweat glands and Sebaceous glands
Gland that releases water to cool the body
Sweat glands
Gland that secrete oil substances to lubricate hair and skin
Sebaceous glands
Detect pain, touch, heat and cold
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors that detects very light pressure
Merkel cells
Sensitive to touch and found in delicate areas
Meissner’s corpuscle
Sensory receptors that detects pressure
Paccinian corpuscle
Detects heat and cold
Free nerve endings
- framework of the body
- bones and connective tissue
- protect the organs
Skeletal system
Skull; Brain
______; lungs
Vertebrae; ______
Rib
Spinal cord
Bones on midline ( skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum)
Axial skeleton
Bones coming off the midline ( forelegs, hindlegs, pelvic region)
Appendicular skeleton
Four classes of Bones
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Class of Bones that support columns and levers (Limb)
Long bones
Class of bones that protect body’s organs, serve as muscle attachment
Flat bones
Class of Bones - Knee hock joint, diffuse concussion, diminish friction, change direction of tendons
Short bones
Class of bones that vertebral column belongs
Irregular bones
Bone is made up of _______ and ______ matter
Organic
Inorganic
Collagen and gives flexibility and resilience in the bones
Organic matter
Tricalcium phosphate gives rigidity and hardness
Inorganic matter
Inner core of bone and it composed of soft tissue
Bone marrow
Yellow fat
Yellow marrow
Outer portion and red tissue
This is where blood cell and platelet formed
Red Marrow
Bone are formed from _____________
Endochondral ossification or endochondral bone formation
They are the bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
They are the mature bone cells
Osteocytes
This is the primary ossification
Metaphyseal growth rate
This is the secondary ossification and the center of epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth rate
They bind tissue together
Connective tissue
4 types of connective tissue
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Fascia
Muscle to bone
Tendons
Bone to bone
Ligaments
Ends of bones and acts as cushioning joints
Hyaline cartilage
Makes up body parts such as ears
Elastic cartilage
Cushioning between inter vertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
Located between skin and underlying muscle of bone
Fascia
Fascia which is the top layer and attached to skin
Superficial fascia
Fascia that is placed at the bottom and covers muscle and bones
Deep fascia
Unions between bones. They are either movable, partially movable, and immovable
Joints
3 types of joints found in the body
Fibrous
Cartaginous
Synovial
This joint has the greatest range of movement
Synovial
In conjunction with the skeletal system, movement of internal structure, limbs, and the body as a whole
Muscular system
- Striated voluntary muscles involved in the movement of skeleton
- intentionally controlled by the animal
Skeletal muscles
- Involuntary unstriated muscle found in digestive organs and blood vessels
- function automatically and can not be controlled by animals
Visceral muscle
Involuntary, striated muscle found in heart
Cardiac muscle
Four functional groups of skeletal muscles
Flexors
Extensors
Abductors
Adductors
Decrease angle between 2 lever bones when they contract ( biceps)
Flexors
Increase angle between 2 levers (triceps)
Extensors
Move limbs away from median plane ( deltoids)
Abductors
Pull limb towards the median plane (pectoralis major)
Adductors
Muscle work in pairs; when one contracts, one relaxes
Antagonism
Muscle that work together to perform movement
Synergist
- Most skeletal muscles attached to two different bones
- point of origin is on the most stable or least movable while insertion point is on the more movable one
Attachment
Bundles of fibers lies parallel to each other within the muscle sheath making appear like _________
Striped or striated
Bundles that makes up individual muscle fibers
Myofibrils
They are the thick filaments
Myosin
They are the thin filaments
Actin
Occurs as a result of a process known as sliding filament action
Contraction
