Animal Physiology 2 Flashcards
-It includes the heart, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes.
- Responsible for:
*distributing blood throughout the body
*removing wastes
*mounting immune responses to infection
*aiding in regulating body temperature
Circulatory system
provides organs, tissues and cells with oxygen, nutrients, gasses, hormones, and antibodies, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
Blood
Responsible for draining fluids from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection
lymphatic system
Is a muscle and is divided into the left and right side. Each side is made up of an atrium and a ventricle.
Heart
blood that is coming from the body enters the right atrium, passes through the right V.A. valve and into the right ventricle
Deoxygenated or venous blood
it returns from the lungs via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium, it then passes through the left A.V. valve and into the left ventricle before being pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the aorta
Oxygenated or arterial blood
Five types of blood vessels within the body
- arteries
- arterioles
- veins
- venules
- capillaries
are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arteries
are small arterial branches that deliver blood to capillaries
arterioles
are blood vessels that convey blood from tissues back to the heart
veins
are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and delivers it to a vein
venules
Are the smallest blood vessels.
They are involved in the transfer of oxygen and, nutrients and gases to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Capillaries
They have very thin membranes, so the components of the blood can diffuse across the membrane and enter cells
Capillaries
interaction of molecules flowing in and out of blood at the ______________
capillary bed
The two main circulation systems within the body
pulmonary system
systemic system
The ____________ delivers blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary system
The __________ circulates blood throughout the rest of the body
Systemic system
Composition of blood
- red cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
- Plasma
__________ are the most numerous and contain a protein called hemoglobin
red blood cells
- It contains the mineral iron and is responsible for carry oxygen in the blood
- are the responsible for the body’s immune response, or defense against infection
hemoglobin
Two types of white blood cells
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in circulating blood, platelets play a role in clotting
Platelet
____________ is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels. This is 90% water.
Plasma
_________is comprised of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs and areas of lymph tissue within the intestinal wall
lymphatic system
The __________ maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body’s immune system
Lymphatic system
__________ are thin-walled and blind- ended. They originate in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart
Lymph vessels
____________ filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring ___________ , __________ and _____________
-lymph nodes
lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells
The digestive is made up of:
- mouth
- tongue
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
It breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by the cells of the body
digestive system
Stages of the digestive process include:
- biting
- chewing
- swallowing and mixing of food
- digestion and absorption of nutrients
- excretion of waste
__________ is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that are small enough to pass across the wall of the intestines
Digestion
The passage of molecule across the intestinal wall in to the blood or lymph system is called__________
Absorption
Animals such as cattle, sheep, horses, and rabbits, which depends entirely on plants for food
Herbivores
Other species, such as dogs and cats, which depend almost entirely on the flesh of other animals for food
Carnivores
Species as swine, poultry, and humans, which consume both flesh and plants
Omnivores
Animals can be divided into three group based on their digestive systems
- ruminants
- monogastrics
- hindgut
Sheep, goat, cattle, and deer are ________ animals. they have four stomachs instead of one.
ruminant
The four stomachs of ruminat
- rumen
- reticulum
- abomasum
- omasum
- the largest of the ruminant stomach
- contains millions of microbes, bacteria, and protozoa
- lining composed of many papillae that aid in the absorption of nutrients
- produces a large amount of methane gas, mainly methane and carbon dioxide
Rumen
Swine and poultry are ________ animals which means they have a single glandular stomach
monogastric
Horses, donkeys, and rabbits are examples of __________ fermenters
hindgut
- The tongue and lips are used to select food that animal intends to ingest
mouth
Food is chewed or physically broken down to smaller pieces by a process called ________-
mastication
Saliva provides:
- lubrication so the food may be swallowed
- enzymes that breakdown the nutrients
Foods move down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called __________
peristalsis
It is a tube-like tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
When the animals swallows, the ________ rises so that the _________ closes off the ________ thus preventing food from entering the air passageway
larynx, epiglottis, trachea
It is a storage chamber that holds food particles
non-ruminant stomach
Foods particles enter the rumen and bacteria start eating or digesting these particles. T or F.
F
Ruminants get their main source of protein from digesting the microbes that pass into the small intestine. T or F.
T
All ruminants are herbivores. T or F.
T
Microorganisms in the digestive system of ruminants synthesize some amino acids essential to the animal. T or F.
F
__________ and ________ is expelled by belching and, to a lesser extent, absorbed into the blood
methane and carbon dioxide gas
This function helps to break down the fibrous material further and allows the microbes the access food particles
re-masticate
Absorption is the main function of the __________
Small intestine
The small intestine includes:
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
The inside of small intestine is covered by ______ highly ________, fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorptive surface area
villi, vasculated
The large intestine contains:
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
It removes water and prepares the dry waste matter for feces and finally defecation
Large intestine
__________ is excreted via the rectum
Fecal material
they are associated with the digestive system
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
________ has pH balancing properties and provides enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of nutrients
Saliva
It is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland
Pancreas
It produces insulin
Endocrine gland
It produces enzymes
Exocrine glands
- Molecules in the ________ are converted to compounds that animals need for tissue growth, nerve formation, enzyme synthesis, and many other functions
- It excretes bile, which is stored in gallbladder
Liver
This is where bile is stored
gallbladder
It has properties that allow it to emulsify fats, increasing the efficiency at which they are digested
Bile
Poultry do not have teeth to physically break down their food. The glandular stomach of poultry is called _________-
Proventriculus
Before reaching the proventriculus, food is stored in an enlargement of the gullet, called the ________
crop
Feed passes from the ______ into the _________
gizzard, duodenum
- provides oxygen to the blood
- excretes waste gases such as carbon dioxide
- create noise via the voice box or the syrinx
respiratory system
The respiratory system includes;
- lungs
- nostrils
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
________ are the external openings of the respiratory tract that lead to the _________
Nostrils, nasal cavity
Air and food pass through the _______, but not the same time
pharynx
The ________ controls breathing and prevents the inhalation of foreign objects into the lungs
Larynx
The _______ contains rings of cartilage that are rigid and prevent it from collapsing
trachea
The trachea enters the chest cavity as a single tube to the base of the heart where it divides into two branches called ___________
primary bronchi
Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and finally into very small tubes called ________
bronchioles
The bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, which lead to the smallest portions of the respiratory system called ________
alveoli
It is diffused from the bloodstream into the alveoli so it can be exhaled out of the body
Oxygen
The primary function of the lungs is to _________
exchange gases with the atmosphere
Muscles of the diaphragm contract causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge and a vacuum to be created. The lungs to expand and air is drawn into them
Inhalation
The diaphragm muscles relax, causing contraction of the chest muscles, which decreases the thoracic cavity size, resulting in the retraction of alveolar elastic fibers
Exhalation
Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called ________
medulla oblongata
