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Physiology ni Ma'am A > Animal Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Animal Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

-It includes the heart, veins, capillaries, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes.
- Responsible for:
*distributing blood throughout the body
*removing wastes
*mounting immune responses to infection
*aiding in regulating body temperature

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

provides organs, tissues and cells with oxygen, nutrients, gasses, hormones, and antibodies, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes

A

Blood

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3
Q

Responsible for draining fluids from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection

A

lymphatic system

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4
Q

Is a muscle and is divided into the left and right side. Each side is made up of an atrium and a ventricle.

A

Heart

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5
Q

blood that is coming from the body enters the right atrium, passes through the right V.A. valve and into the right ventricle

A

Deoxygenated or venous blood

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6
Q

it returns from the lungs via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium, it then passes through the left A.V. valve and into the left ventricle before being pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the aorta

A

Oxygenated or arterial blood

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7
Q

Five types of blood vessels within the body

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • veins
  • venules
  • capillaries
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8
Q

are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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9
Q

are small arterial branches that deliver blood to capillaries

A

arterioles

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10
Q

are blood vessels that convey blood from tissues back to the heart

A

veins

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11
Q

are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and delivers it to a vein

A

venules

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12
Q

Are the smallest blood vessels.
They are involved in the transfer of oxygen and, nutrients and gases to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

A

Capillaries

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13
Q

They have very thin membranes, so the components of the blood can diffuse across the membrane and enter cells

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

interaction of molecules flowing in and out of blood at the ______________

A

capillary bed

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15
Q

The two main circulation systems within the body

A

pulmonary system
systemic system

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16
Q

The ____________ delivers blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary system

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17
Q

The __________ circulates blood throughout the rest of the body

A

Systemic system

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18
Q

Composition of blood

A
  • red cells (erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
  • Plasma
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19
Q

__________ are the most numerous and contain a protein called hemoglobin

A

red blood cells

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20
Q
  • It contains the mineral iron and is responsible for carry oxygen in the blood
  • are the responsible for the body’s immune response, or defense against infection
A

hemoglobin

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21
Q

Two types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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22
Q

Is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in circulating blood, platelets play a role in clotting

A

Platelet

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23
Q

____________ is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels. This is 90% water.

A

Plasma

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24
Q

_________is comprised of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs and areas of lymph tissue within the intestinal wall

A

lymphatic system

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25
Q

The __________ maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body’s immune system

A

Lymphatic system

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26
Q

__________ are thin-walled and blind- ended. They originate in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart

A

Lymph vessels

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27
Q

____________ filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring ___________ , __________ and _____________

A

-lymph nodes

lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells

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28
Q

The digestive is made up of:

A
  • mouth
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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29
Q

It breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by the cells of the body

A

digestive system

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30
Q

Stages of the digestive process include:

A
  • biting
  • chewing
  • swallowing and mixing of food
  • digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • excretion of waste
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31
Q

__________ is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that are small enough to pass across the wall of the intestines

A

Digestion

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32
Q

The passage of molecule across the intestinal wall in to the blood or lymph system is called__________

A

Absorption

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33
Q

Animals such as cattle, sheep, horses, and rabbits, which depends entirely on plants for food

A

Herbivores

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34
Q

Other species, such as dogs and cats, which depend almost entirely on the flesh of other animals for food

A

Carnivores

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35
Q

Species as swine, poultry, and humans, which consume both flesh and plants

A

Omnivores

36
Q

Animals can be divided into three group based on their digestive systems

A
  • ruminants
  • monogastrics
  • hindgut
37
Q

Sheep, goat, cattle, and deer are ________ animals. they have four stomachs instead of one.

A

ruminant

38
Q

The four stomachs of ruminat

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • abomasum
  • omasum
39
Q
  • the largest of the ruminant stomach
  • contains millions of microbes, bacteria, and protozoa
  • lining composed of many papillae that aid in the absorption of nutrients
  • produces a large amount of methane gas, mainly methane and carbon dioxide
A

Rumen

40
Q

Swine and poultry are ________ animals which means they have a single glandular stomach

A

monogastric

41
Q

Horses, donkeys, and rabbits are examples of __________ fermenters

A

hindgut

42
Q
  • The tongue and lips are used to select food that animal intends to ingest
A

mouth

43
Q

Food is chewed or physically broken down to smaller pieces by a process called ________-

A

mastication

44
Q

Saliva provides:

A
  • lubrication so the food may be swallowed
  • enzymes that breakdown the nutrients
45
Q

Foods move down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called __________

A

peristalsis

46
Q

It is a tube-like tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

47
Q

When the animals swallows, the ________ rises so that the _________ closes off the ________ thus preventing food from entering the air passageway

A

larynx, epiglottis, trachea

48
Q

It is a storage chamber that holds food particles

A

non-ruminant stomach

49
Q

Foods particles enter the rumen and bacteria start eating or digesting these particles. T or F.

A

F

50
Q

Ruminants get their main source of protein from digesting the microbes that pass into the small intestine. T or F.

A

T

51
Q

All ruminants are herbivores. T or F.

A

T

52
Q

Microorganisms in the digestive system of ruminants synthesize some amino acids essential to the animal. T or F.

A

F

53
Q

__________ and ________ is expelled by belching and, to a lesser extent, absorbed into the blood

A

methane and carbon dioxide gas

54
Q

This function helps to break down the fibrous material further and allows the microbes the access food particles

A

re-masticate

55
Q

Absorption is the main function of the __________

A

Small intestine

56
Q

The small intestine includes:

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
57
Q

The inside of small intestine is covered by ______ highly ________, fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorptive surface area

A

villi, vasculated

58
Q

The large intestine contains:

A
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
59
Q

It removes water and prepares the dry waste matter for feces and finally defecation

A

Large intestine

60
Q

__________ is excreted via the rectum

A

Fecal material

61
Q

they are associated with the digestive system

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

62
Q

________ has pH balancing properties and provides enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of nutrients

A

Saliva

63
Q

It is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

64
Q

It produces insulin

A

Endocrine gland

65
Q

It produces enzymes

A

Exocrine glands

66
Q
  • Molecules in the ________ are converted to compounds that animals need for tissue growth, nerve formation, enzyme synthesis, and many other functions
  • It excretes bile, which is stored in gallbladder
A

Liver

67
Q

This is where bile is stored

A

gallbladder

68
Q

It has properties that allow it to emulsify fats, increasing the efficiency at which they are digested

A

Bile

69
Q

Poultry do not have teeth to physically break down their food. The glandular stomach of poultry is called _________-

A

Proventriculus

70
Q

Before reaching the proventriculus, food is stored in an enlargement of the gullet, called the ________

A

crop

71
Q

Feed passes from the ______ into the _________

A

gizzard, duodenum

72
Q
  • provides oxygen to the blood
  • excretes waste gases such as carbon dioxide
  • create noise via the voice box or the syrinx
A

respiratory system

73
Q

The respiratory system includes;

A
  • lungs
  • nostrils
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
74
Q

________ are the external openings of the respiratory tract that lead to the _________

A

Nostrils, nasal cavity

75
Q

Air and food pass through the _______, but not the same time

A

pharynx

76
Q

The ________ controls breathing and prevents the inhalation of foreign objects into the lungs

A

Larynx

77
Q

The _______ contains rings of cartilage that are rigid and prevent it from collapsing

A

trachea

78
Q

The trachea enters the chest cavity as a single tube to the base of the heart where it divides into two branches called ___________

A

primary bronchi

79
Q

Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and finally into very small tubes called ________

A

bronchioles

80
Q

The bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, which lead to the smallest portions of the respiratory system called ________

A

alveoli

81
Q

It is diffused from the bloodstream into the alveoli so it can be exhaled out of the body

A

Oxygen

82
Q

The primary function of the lungs is to _________

A

exchange gases with the atmosphere

83
Q

Muscles of the diaphragm contract causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge and a vacuum to be created. The lungs to expand and air is drawn into them

A

Inhalation

84
Q

The diaphragm muscles relax, causing contraction of the chest muscles, which decreases the thoracic cavity size, resulting in the retraction of alveolar elastic fibers

A

Exhalation

85
Q

Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called ________

A

medulla oblongata

Physiology ni Ma'am A (5 decks)

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