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BMS03 > Introduction To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction To Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

Handling of drugs

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2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Science of drugs

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3
Q

What is toxicology?

A

Deals with poisons and hazardous effects of therapeutic drugs

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4
Q

What is therapeutics?

A

Medical use of drugs

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5
Q

What is the typical molecular weight of a drug?

A

200-1000 Daltons

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6
Q

What are drugs?

A

Chemicals that bind to molecules in cells

Mimic, stimulate or block the action of endogenous molecules/processes

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7
Q

What are chemotherapeutic drugs?

A

Agents which act against infectious micro-organisms or cancer cells by exploiting biochemical differences between normal and target cells

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8
Q

What are some common mechanisms by which drugs work?

A

Enzyme blocker or activator

Ion pump blocker

Receptor modulator or blocker or agonist

Chemotherapeutic agents

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9
Q

What do local anaesthetics do?

A

Block Na+ channels

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10
Q

What is KD (dissociation constant)?

A

Concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of the receptors at equilibrium

Related to affinity

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11
Q

What does a low KD tell you about a drug?

A

High affinity

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12
Q

What is efficacy?

A

Relates to drug’s ability to activate the receptor to produce a response

OR

How well the drug activates the receptor

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13
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Ligand that binds and activates a receptor

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14
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Ligand that binds to and does not activate a receptor

OR

Drug with affinity but no/zero efficacy

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15
Q

What does AR* mean?

A

Agonist bound to a receptor producing a response

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16
Q

What does AR mean?

A

Agonist or antagonist bound to a receptor

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17
Q

What is affinity?

A

How readily a drug binds to a receptor

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18
Q

What is a full agonist?

A

Drug with maximum possible efficacy

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19
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Drug with less than maximal efficacy

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20
Q

How does a reversible competitive antagonist affect the dose-response graph?

A

Parallel shift to right

Size of shift depends on concentration of antagonist

(Blocking by antagonist is surmountable by increasing agonist concentration)

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21
Q

How does an irreversible competitive antagonist affect the dose-response graph?

A

Suppressed maximal response (not surmountable)

Degree of suppression dependent on antagonist concentration

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22
Q

What does it mean when a drug has high potency?

A

Effective in small amounts

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23
Q

What could cause a drug to have high potency?

A

High affinity

High efficacy

Slow metabolic breakdown in body

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24
Q

What quantifies drug potency?

25
Q

What is EC50?

A

Concentration of drug producing 50% of the maximal response

26
Q

What does amoxicillin do?

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

Destroy bacteria

27
Q

What does metronidazole do?

A

Causes DNA strand breakage

Taken into non-mammalian cells and reduced to active form

28
Q

What does erythromycin do?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by acting on 50S ribosomal unit

29
Q

What does tetracycline do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by competing with tRNA in precaryotic cells

30
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Effect of drug on organism

31
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Effect of organism on drug

32
Q

What is a big factor affecting absorption of a drug?

A

Lipid solubility of a drug (must cross lipid bilayers)

33
Q

What type of compound are local anaesthetics?

A

Weak bases

34
Q

What kind of pH does inflamed tissue have?

35
Q

Why are local anaesthetics injected with sodium bicarbonate?

A

Increase local pH

More uncharged form of drug

Increases speed of anaesthesia onset

36
Q

What does bioavailability mean?

A

Proportion of drug reaching circulation

37
Q

What does i.m. mean?

A

Intramuscular

38
Q

What does i.v. mean?

A

Intravenous

39
Q

What does s.c. mean?

A

Subcutaneous

40
Q

What are phase 1 reactions?

A

Catabolic

Product may be more toxic/active than parent (benzodiazepines)

41
Q

What are phase 2 reactions?

A

Synthetic

Add chemical groups to form an inactive, more water-soluble compound

42
Q

Where does the excretion of most drugs occur?

43
Q

How do drugs enter the kidney?

A

Glomerular filtration

Peritubular capillary secretion

44
Q

What type of drug is not easily excreted via the kidneys and why?

A

Lipid-soluble

Easily diffuse out of nephron

45
Q

What is t(1/2)?

A

Half-time

Time for drug concentration in plasma to halve

46
Q

Why do elderly people not need as large doses as younger people?

A

Drug metabolism and renal function decreases with age

Drug has higher potency

47
Q

What does it mean when two drugs are pharmacodynamic?

A

Similar or opposite effects

48
Q

What does it mean when two drugs are pharmacokinetic?

A

One alters the absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion of the other

49
Q

What happens if you take two drugs that are transported into the renal tubules by the same mechanism?

A

Mutual slowing of excretion

50
Q

What can induction of hepatic enzymes cause?

A

Decrease the effectiveness of other drugs metabolised by these enzymes (removed faster)

51
Q

What can inhibition of hepatic enzymes cause?

A

Increase effectiveness of other drugs metabolised by these enzymes (remain in body longer)

52
Q

What does phase I of a clinical trial test for? (3)

A

Pharmacokinetics

Side effects

Potency

53
Q

What does phase II of a clinical trial test for? (2)

A

Efficacy

Dosage

54
Q

What does phase III of a clinical trial test for? (3)

A

Efficacy/comparison with current drugs

Optimal dosage

Incidence of side effects

55
Q

What kind of volunteers are used in phase I of clinical trials?

56
Q

What kind of volunteers are used in phase II of clinical trials?

57
Q

What kind of volunteers are used in phase III of clinical trials?

58
Q

How long does a clinical trial last?

A

6-10 years

BMS03 (12 decks)

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