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BMS03 > Chemical Signalling 2 > Flashcards

Chemical Signalling 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of signalling molecules associate with plasma membrane receptors?

A

Hydrophilic

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2
Q

What types of receptors are found in the plasma membrane?

A

Ligand gated ion channels

GPCR

Intrinsic enzyme receptors

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3
Q

What is the intracellular receptor present on the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ryanodine receptor (detects redox state of cell)

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4
Q

What is another name for an intrinsic enzyme receptor?

A

Pleiotropic receptor

Catalytic receptor

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5
Q

Which terminals are the ligand and enzyme domains?

A

Ligand = N

Enzyme = C

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6
Q

What is the structure of an insulin receptor?

A

Dimer connected by disulphide bridges

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7
Q

What is the structure of a nerve growth factor receptor?

A

Two single monomers that dimerise after bonding with agonist

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8
Q

Describe the process of RTK receptors

A
  1. Ligand binds receptor
  2. Conformational change of receptor results in autophosphorylation at tyrosine residues
  3. Adaptor protein binds to phosphorylated tyrosine and RAS-activating protein binds to adaptor (scaffold)
  4. Recruitment of RAS (G-protein)
  5. GDP is exchanged for GTP on RAS protein (activation)
  6. Triple phosphorylation of MAP kinase
  7. MAP kinase phosphorylation results in protein phosphorylation/changes in gene transcription
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9
Q

Which key enzymes’ phosphorylation patterns are altered in insulin signalling?

A

MAP kinase

Protein phosphatase 1

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10
Q

What does ZAC stand for?

A

Zinc-activated channel

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11
Q

What are the three types of ionotropic receptors?

A

Trimeric

Tetrameric

Pentameric

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12
Q

What is the structure of a trimeric ionotropic receptor? (4)

A

N and C terminals inside cell

Ligand-binding site outside cell

Second TM protein involved with pore

Three 4TM monomers

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13
Q

What is the structure of a tetrameric ionotropic receptor? (4)

A

N terminal outside, C terminal inside

Four 3TM monomers

Loop between first and second TM proteins in a monomer involved in pore

Ligand-binding site outside cell

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14
Q

What is the structure of a pentameric ionotropic receptor? (4)

A

Ligand-binding site outside cell

Both C and N terminals outside cell

Five 4TM monomers

Second TM protein involved in pore

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15
Q

Give an example of a pentameric ionotropic receptor

A

Nicotinic R-like/cholinergic

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16
Q

Give an example of a trimeric ionotropic receptor

A

ATP receptor channel

P2X receptors

17
Q

Give an example of a tetrameric ionotropic receptor

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

NMDA receptor

AMPA receptor

Kainate receptor

18
Q

Why can’t ions pass through closed pores/ionotropic receptors?

A

Hydrophobic amino acid side chains face into pore

Ions have hydration shells

Hydrophilic ions can not pass hydrophobic pore

19
Q

Give an example of a nuclear receptor agonist

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Vitamin D

Retinoic acid

Oestrogen

Glucocorticoid

20
Q

Describe the process of nuclear receptor signalling

A
  1. Ligand passes through plasma membrane and binds with nuclear receptor in cytosol
  2. Dimerisation of ligand-bound nuclear receptors
  3. Translocation (dimer moves into nucleus)
  4. Receptor binds with DNA using zinc fingers
  5. Altered transcription
21
Q

What is the structure of a nuclear receptor?

A

C terminal

Ligand-binding site

Zinc fingers

Coactivator region

N terminal

22
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids?

A

Anti-inflammatory

Inhibit transcription of cytokines (specifically interleukins)

Increase synthesis and release of annexin-1 (anti-inflammatory)

23
Q

How long does it take for an ionotropic receptor’s effect to occur?

A

Milliseconds

24
Q

How long does it take for a metabotropic GPCR’s effect to occur?

A

Seconds

25
Q

How long does it take for a catalytic kinase-linked receptor’s effect to occur?

A

Hours

26
Q

How long does it take for a nuclear receptor’s effect to occur?

A

Hours to days

27
Q

Give two examples of RTKs

A

Insulin receptors

Nerve growth factor receptors (TrkA)

28
Q

What kind of protein is RAS?

A

Monomeric G-protein

BMS03 (12 decks)

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