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BMS03 > Introduction To Muscles > Flashcards

Introduction To Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the connective tissue arrangement in skeletal muscle

A

Myofibres surrounded by endomysium

Myofibres grouped into fascicles surrounded by perimysium

Fascicles grouped into muscle surrounded by epimysium

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2
Q

What is the specific name for a muscle fibre membrane?

A

Sarcolemma

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3
Q

Describe a muscle fibre

A

Multinucleated (peripheral)

Sarcoplasm packed with myofibrils

Varying numbers of mitochondria

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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

Extensions of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

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5
Q

How are tendons connected to bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibres

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6
Q

At rest, what is the general range of length of a sarcomere?

A

3.6-4.5 microns

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7
Q

Why are muscle fibres long?

A

Maximise distance of movement

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8
Q

How long is a (mostly) contracted sarcomere?

A

2microns

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9
Q

Describe the relationship between muscle extension and power of contraction?

A

Fully extended muscle = little power

Power increases as muscle shortens

As maximal shortening approaches, power decreases

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10
Q

When does the number of muscle fibres stop increasing?

A

After 24 weeks in utero

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11
Q

How can muscle size increase? (2)

A

Increase/decrease in diameter of individual fibres by adding new sarcomeres to existing cells (exercise)

During childhood and adolescence, new sarcomeres are added to the ends of fibres (length)

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12
Q

What happens to muscle as you age?

A

Muscle bulk and strength decrease with age

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13
Q

Describe type I muscle fibres (3)

A

Respires aerobically (lots of mitochondria)

Weaker contractile force

Endurance

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14
Q

Describe type II muscle fibres (3)

A

Respire anaerobically

Fatigue quickly

Strong contractile force

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15
Q

Why are tendons slow-healing?

A

Poor blood supply

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16
Q

What are the three types of tendons?

A

Cylindrical

Linear

Common

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17
Q

Describe cylindrical tendons

A

Closely-packed fibres

Produce an elevation/tubercle on bone

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18
Q

Describe linear tendons

A

Form fleshy attachments

May produce linear ridges (pectoralis major)

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19
Q

What does a common tendon do?

A

Attachment for 2 or more muscles

20
Q

What are the three types of common tendon?

A

Intermediate

Raphe

Aponeurosis

21
Q

What is an intermediate tendon?

A

“Wrapped around”

Allows muscles to act independently with different nerve supplies

22
Q

What is a Raphe tendon?

A

Two muscles “sewn” together

23
Q

What is an aponeurotic tendon?

A

Muscle regressed during development leaving connective tissue (tendon)

24
Q

Why do we have synovial tendon sheaths?

A

Reduce friction where tendons lie close to each other or pass round bony prominences

Prevent bowstringing

25
Q

What is a retinaculum?

A

Tough collagen sheets attached to bone under which tendons run

26
Q

What adjectives are used to describe tendon/muscle attachments?

A

Proximal

Distal

27
Q

What part of the nervous system innervates skeletal muscle?

A

Somatic (motor and sensory)

28
Q

In skeletal organs, what measures length? (Sensory)

A

Muscle spindles

29
Q

In skeletal muscles, what measures tension? (Sensory)

A

Tendon organs

30
Q

What kind of motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle?

A

Alpha motor neurons

31
Q

Are skeletal muscle motor neurons myelinated?

A

Yes

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

33
Q

What is the name of the junction between the motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre?

A

Motor end plate/neuromuscular junction

34
Q

What is the range of the number of muscle fibres innervated by one alpha motor neuron?

A

20-2000

35
Q

How is the motor unit arranged to allow even muscle contraction?

A

The fibres are not next to each other in the muscle

36
Q

What does alternating between motor units allow?

A

Endurance

37
Q

What does a strap muscle look like?

A

Muscle fibres arranged in parallel

Wide muscle-tendon attachment

38
Q

What does a fusiform muscle look like?

A

Longer tendons

Larger in middle, slims towards ends/tendons

39
Q

What does a fan-shaped muscle look like?

A

Large proximal attachment

Converges on distal attachment

40
Q

What are pennate muscles built for?

A

Power

41
Q

What is the structure of a bipennate muscle?

A

Two fleshy bellies

Central tendon

42
Q

What kind of pennate muscle has only one fleshy belly?

A

Unipennate

43
Q

What do agonist muscles do?

A

Initiate movement/contract

44
Q

What is another name for an agonist muscle?

A

Prime mover

45
Q

What does an antagonist muscle do?

A

Oppose movement/stretch

46
Q

What do fixator muscles do?

A

Stabilise body/skeleton to give the most advantageous position for required movement

47
Q

What do synergists do?

A

Act with prime movers to refine movement and control undesirable movement

BMS03 (12 decks)

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