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BMS03 > Function & Neurochemistry Of ANS > Flashcards

Function & Neurochemistry Of ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system act on?

A

Skeletal muscles

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system act on?

A

Cardiovascular system and other organs

Involuntary muscles

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3
Q

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A

Controls digestive system

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5
Q

Which division of the ANS has more widespread innervation?

A

Sympathetic

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6
Q

What is the typical structure of a parasympathetic neuron pathway?

A

Long pre-ganglionic neuron

Synapse in ganglion

Short post-ganglionic neuron

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7
Q

What is the typical structure of a sympathetic neuron pathway?

A

Short pre-ganglionic neuron

Synapse in ganglion (sympathetic chain)

Long post-ganglionic neuron

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8
Q

What part of the nervous system innervates the adrenal medulla?

A

Sympathetic

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9
Q

What type of receptor is present in autonomic ganglions?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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10
Q

What kind of receptor is found at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic

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11
Q

What type of receptors are at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions?

A

Cholinergic muscarinic

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12
Q

What type of receptor is present at the adrenal medulla?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic

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13
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete and to where?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Into bloodstream

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14
Q

What kind of receptors do noradrenaline bind to?

A

Adrenergic

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15
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

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16
Q

What gives nicotinic receptors their name?

A

Able to bind nicotine

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17
Q

What gives muscarinic receptors their name?

A

Able to bind muscarine

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18
Q

What type of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

7TM GPCR

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19
Q

How many subtypes of muscarinic receptors are there?

A

5

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20
Q

What are M2 receptors often described as?

A

Cardiac

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21
Q

What muscarinic subtype is “cardiac”?

A

M2

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22
Q

What are M3 receptors often described as?

A

Smooth muscle/glandular

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23
Q

Which muscarinic subtype is found on smooth muscle/glands?

A

M3

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24
Q

What G-protein are M2 receptors coupled to?

A

Gi

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25
Q

What molecular effect do M2 receptors have when activated?

A

Decrease cAMP

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26
Q

What second messengers are produced when M3 receptors are activated?

A

IP3 and DAG

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27
Q

What G-protein is coupled to M3 receptors?

28
Q

How many subunits make up a nicotinic receptor?

29
Q

What are the subunits of a nicotinic muscle receptor?

A

a1 x2

b1

g

e

30
Q

What are the subunits of a nicotinic ANS ganglionic receptor?

A

2x a3

3x b4

31
Q

What nicotinic receptor subtype is found at muscles?

32
Q

What nicotinic receptor subtype is found at ANS ganglions?

33
Q

How many acetylcholine molecules are required to activate an N1 receptor? What do they bind to?

A

2

a1 subunits

34
Q

What are the molecular events following a1 adrenergic receptor activation?

A

Activate Gq which stimulates PLC

Stimulate IP3 and DAG pathways

Increase cellular calcium ion concentration and stimulation of PKC

35
Q

What do a2 receptors do when activated?

A

Activate Gi

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase/decrease cAMP

Decrease release of NA

36
Q

Where are a2 adrenoreceptors found?

A

Presynaptically

Sympathetic

37
Q

What molecular effect does activation of b adrenoreceptors have?

A

Activate Gs

Increase cAMP

38
Q

What is the main cardiac subtype of b adrenoceptors?

39
Q

What are b1 adrenoceptors often described as?

A

Cardiac subtype

40
Q

What is the main vascular and airways subtype of b adrenoceptors?

41
Q

What are b2 adrenoceptors often described as?

A

Vascular and airways subtype

42
Q

Where are b3 adrenoceptors mainly found?

A

Adipose tissue

Also in bladder

43
Q

What does NANC stand for?

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic

44
Q

What is co-transmission?

A

Two different neurotransmitters packaged/released together

45
Q

Where is NANC transmission particularly important?

46
Q

What co-transmission occurs at some sympathetic post-ganglionic fibres/synapses? What does this promote?

A

Neuropeptide Y, ATP, NA to promote vasoconstriction

47
Q

What co-transmission occurs at some parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibres/synapses? What does this promote?

A

Nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, ACh to promote vasodilation

48
Q

What are some sympathetic NS effects?

A

Increase HR and contractile force

Splanchnic vasoconstriction

Heart and skeletal muscle vasodilation

Increased renin release

Bronchodilation

Increase blood glucose and free fatty acids

Mydriasis

Detrusor relaxation

Sweating

Decreased peristalsis

49
Q

What are some parasympathetic effects?

A

Decrease HR

Increase GI and other secretions

Increase peristalsis

Bronchoconstriction

Visual accommodation

Miosis

Micturition

50
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on arteries?

A

S = vasoconstriction

P = no effect in most

51
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on heart rate?

A

S = increase

P = decrease

52
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on pupils?

A

S = dilate (mydriasis)

P = constriction (miosis)

53
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the GI tract mobility?

A

S = decrease

P = increase

54
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the detrusor?

A

S = maintains relaxation

P = constriction

55
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on exocrine glands?

A

S = increase salivary and sweat gland secretion

P = general increase in secretion

56
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on metabolism?

A

S = increase blood glucose

P = no effect

57
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on renin?

A

S = increase secretion (from kidney)

P = no effect

58
Q

Under resting conditions, which ANS division dominates heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic

59
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Carotid sinus

Aortic arch

60
Q

Describe the baroreceptor reflex when blood pressure increases

A
  1. Increase BP distends artery walls
  2. Stretch stimulates afferent nerve endings of baroreceptors
  3. Signal to nucleus tractus solitarius in brain stem (comparator)
  4. NTS acts to:
    - increase parasympathetic drive to heart
    - decrease sympathetic drive to heart, arteries and veins
  5. Since BP = CO x TPR, BP falls to set point
61
Q

How many neurons are in the ENS?

A

100 million

62
Q

What processes is the ENS responsible for?

A

Peristalsis

Fluid transport

Glandular secretion

Flow of blood in GI tract

63
Q

What type of drug can be used to block myocardial infarction, hypertension, angina… (sympathetic NS)?

A

B1 adrenoceptor antagonist

64
Q

What type of drug can be used to treat asthma?

A

b2 adrenoceptor agonists

65
Q

How do M antagonists affect heart rate?

A

Speed up heart rate

66
Q

How do M agonists affect peristalsis?

A

Stimulate peristalsis

BMS03 (12 decks)

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