Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology
a science which deals with mechanism of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects and fate of drugs in human beings or animals.
pharmacokinetics
Study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs (ADME) and their relationship to
pharmacologic response.
( What the body does to the drugs)
pharmacodynamics
Quantitative study of drug action including the site of action, mechanism of action, therapeutic and toxic actions.
(What the drug does to the body)
pharmacotherapeutics
prevention and treatment of diseases or relief of symptom
clinical pharmacology
the systematic study of a drug in man, both in healthy volunteers and in patients. It includes the evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, safety, efficacy and adverse effects of a drug.
pharmacy
the science of identification, selection, preservation, standardisation, compounding and dispensing of medicinal substances.
toxicology
the science of poisons
chemotherapy
the effect of drugs upon microorganisms and parasites living and multiplying in humans and animals.
Explain the following with examples: drug and prototype drug
“ any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological system or pathological state in the benefit of the recipient.”
A prototype drug is an individual drug that represents a drug class- a group of medications having similar chemical structures, mechanism of action and adverse effects.
Examples:
* Morphine is prototype drug for narcotic or opioid analgesic.
* Propranolol is prototype for beta-blockers
* Chlorpromazine is prototypical of phenothiazine antipsychotic * Diazepam is prototype for benzodiazepines
* Aspirin is prototype for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
List different sources of drugs with examples.
Synthetic: Examples: Aspirin, paracetamol, metronidazole, chlorpromazine, amphetamine, chloroquine, sulphonamides, anticancer drugs
Plant source
* Alkaloids – Atropine from Atropa belladonna, quinine from Cinchona bark, morphine from Papverum somniferum (poppy), reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina and nicotine from tobacco leaves.
* Glycosides- Digoxin from Digitalis purpurea
* Phytoestrogens from soy preparations
* Oils
Examples: eucalyptus oil, clove oil, peppermint oil and ginger oil.
❖Animal: Heparin, gonadotrophins, insulin, thyroxine, vitamins, vaccines and sera
❖Mineral: Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphate, kaolin and aluminum trisilicate, radioactive iodine etc.
❖Microorganisms: i.e., Penicillin from Penicillium notatum, chloramphenicol from Streptomyces venezuelae, griseofulvin from Penicillium griseofulvum and aminoglycoside group of antibiotics, like streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus and neomycin from Streptomyces fradiae.
❖Genetic engineering: human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, human erythropoietin etc.
Explain Essential Drug Concept
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population and are intended to be always available within the context of functioning health systems in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford.
Define the term orphan drugs with examples
The drugs that are used for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of rare diseases
Examples of orphan drugs: sodium nitrite, fomepizole, liposomal amphotericin B,, rifabutin,, somatropin, digoxin immune Fab (digoxin antibody), liothyronine (T3)
