Introduction to pathophysiology and cellular responses to stress

Question 1

What are the steps in Lecocyte diapedesis?

Answer 1

1) Floating
2) Rolling
3) Adhension
4) crawling
5) Diapedesis
6) Migration

Question 2

What occurs at the vascular stage of inflammation?

Answer 2

1) Vessel dilate (vasodilate)
Histamines dilates the arterioles and capillaries (Heat and redness)
2)Vessels become permeable
a)Endothelial cell contract
b)Leakage of proteins into tissue slowing flow through vessels (accumulation of cells)
c)This may contribute to excess fluid
in tissue (oedema)swelling and pain

Question 3

What chemical causes the arterioles and capillaries to dilate?

Answer 3

Histamine

Question 4

What is the cycle for homeostasis?

Answer 4

Stimulus-Receptors-Control centre -effectors-Response

Question 5

What are the two section of pathophysiology?

Answer 5

General-DNA and immunology

Systematic-systems and organs

Question 6

What is the order of pathophysiology?

Answer 6

Etiology
Pathogensis
Morphological changes
Clinical symptoms

Question 7

What are the 2 preformed mediators of inflammation?

Answer 7

Histamine and serotonin

Question 8

What are cytokines?

Answer 8

A large group of proteins ,peptide or glycoprotiens that are secreted by specific cells in the immune systems

Question 9

Give examples of what cause cell stress?

Answer 9

Hypoxia
Radiation 
Genetics
Poisons/Drugs
Temperature extremes
Immunologic death

Question 10

What are some possible causes atrophy?

Answer 10

1) underuse of cells e.g muscle
2) inadequate nutrition
3) inadequate oxygen(hypoxia)
4) Ageing (thymic atrophy)
5) Lack of endocrine activation (gonand menopause)

Question 11

Name some positive and negative about inflammation

Answer 11

Pros
1)Helps clear infection
2)Prevents spread of infection 
3)Promotes wound healing 
4)Helps activates memory
Cons
1)Cause long term pain 
2)Scarring 
3)May be predispose to autoimmunity 
4)May lead to cancer
5) Dysregulated immunity