Introduction to Parasitology II Flashcards
lays immature eggs
Oviparous
Examples of Oviparous Parasite
Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius
lays mature eggs
Ovoviviparous
Examples of Ovoviviparous parasite
Schistosoma, Clonorchis
lays larva
Larviparous
Examples of Larviparous
Trichinella spiralis
Parasite according to sexes:
Hermaphroditic
Monoecious
Example of Monoecious
Flukes except Schistosoma
Parasite according to sexes:
Separate sexes
Dioecious
Examples of Dioecious
Schistosoma, Nematode
Parasite according to sexes:
Female parasites - self fertilization
Parthenogenic
Example of Parthenogenic
Strongyloides stercoralis
List all the parsites according to egg laying capacity
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Larviparous
List all the parasite according to sexes
Monoecious
Dioecious
Parthenogenic
It is the mature form in helminths
Adult
Immature form of a helminth
Larva
Usually the infective stage of a helminth, and is usually resistant
Egg/Ovum
It is the vegetative form of protozoans
Trophozoite
It is the resistant form of protozoans, usually the infective stage
Cyst
AKA Incidental host which doe snot anymore allow the life cycle of the parasite to continue
Dead-end host
Sources of Infection:
Arthropods
Animals
Another Person
Autoinfection
Sources of Infection: Arthropods
Mosquitos – malaria, filarial parasites
Triatoma bugs – Trypanosoma cruzi
Phlebotomus sandflies - Leishmania
Sources of Infection: Animals
Cats – Toxoplasma
Dogs – Ancylostoma caninum
Rats – Hymenolepis nana
Sources of Infection: Another Person
Asymptomatic carries of _____ working as food handlers
Entamoeba histolytica
Mode of Transmission:
Soil Transmitted Helminths
Skin Penetration
Vector Borne
Food Borne
Water Borne
Vertical Transmission
Transmammary
Inhalation
Intimate Contact
Example of Soil Transmitted Helminths
Hookworm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Strongyloids stercoralis
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Skin Penetration
Hookworm, Strongyloides, Schistosoma
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Vector Borne
Filarial worms
Plasmodium
Babesia
Hemoflagellates
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Food Borne
C. Philipinensis
E. ilocanum
Clonorchis
Opistorchis
Taenia
Fasciola
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Water Borne
G. lamblia
Cryptosporidium
E. histolytica
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Vertical Transmission
Toxoplasma gondii
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Transmammary
Ancylostoma
Strongyloides
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Inhalation
E. vermicularis
Examples of Mode of Transmission: Intimate Contact
Trichomonas vaginalis
Effects of the Parasite on the Host:
- Interference with the vital processes of the host
- Invasion and destruction of host tissue.
- Deprivation of host’s essential nutrients and substances
Effects of the Host on the Parasite:
- Genetic make-up
- Diet rich in protein – X Protozoans
- Low-protein diet - √ Amebiasis
Parts of Protozoa:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Outer limiting membrane
Organelles
Locomotory apparatus (Cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia)
Apical Complex
Wet environment of Protozoa:
Feeding
Locomotion
Osmoregulation
Reproduction
Kingdom Protista of Protozoa:
divided into several phyla, but the major organisms causing disease in man belong to Phylum
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Spatulate scolex with sucking grooves (bothria)
Pseudophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Globular with four muscular suckers.
Cyclophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Genital pores (uterine pore)
Pseudophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Genital pores (apolysis)
Cyclophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Eggs and segments are recovered from the patients
Pseudophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Segments may not be found.
Cyclophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Operculated and immature eggs = coracidium
Pseudophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Non-operculated eggs are passed out readily, containing the hexacanth embryo
Cyclophyllidea
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Worms generally require two intermediate hosts in their life cycle.
Pseudophyllidea;
First intermediate (procercoid larvae)
Second intermediate host (plerocercoid larvae)
Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea
Worms require only one intermediate host
Cyclophyllidea
Examples of Pseudophyllidea
Diphyllobothrium, Spirometra
Examples of Cyclophyllidea
Taenia (cysticercus type),
Hymenolepis (cysticercoid type),
Dipylidium (cysticercoid type),
Raillietina (cysticercoid type),
Echinococcus spp. (hydatid)
Parts of Trematodes (flukes)
Oral sucker, and a ventral sucker (acetabulum), and third sucker (genital sucker or gonotyl)
Trematodes requires _________ hosts in their life cycle.
2 intermediate hosts
What is the infective stage of Trematodes
encysted larva and the metacercaria
