Introduction to Parasitology II Flashcards by Gay Amor Tipolo Gacang

lays immature eggs

Oviparous

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Examples of Oviparous Parasite

Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius

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lays mature eggs

Ovoviviparous

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Examples of Ovoviviparous parasite

Schistosoma, Clonorchis

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lays larva

Larviparous

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Examples of Larviparous

Trichinella spiralis

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Parasite according to sexes:

Hermaphroditic

Monoecious

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Example of Monoecious

Flukes except Schistosoma

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Parasite according to sexes:

Separate sexes

Dioecious

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Examples of Dioecious

Schistosoma, Nematode

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Parasite according to sexes:

Female parasites - self fertilization

Parthenogenic

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Example of Parthenogenic

Strongyloides stercoralis

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List all the parsites according to egg laying capacity

Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Larviparous

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List all the parasite according to sexes

Monoecious
Dioecious
Parthenogenic

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It is the mature form in helminths

Adult

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Immature form of a helminth

Larva

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Usually the infective stage of a helminth, and is usually resistant

Egg/Ovum

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It is the vegetative form of protozoans

Trophozoite

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It is the resistant form of protozoans, usually the infective stage

Cyst

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AKA Incidental host which doe snot anymore allow the life cycle of the parasite to continue

Dead-end host

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Sources of Infection:

Arthropods
Animals
Another Person
Autoinfection

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Sources of Infection: Arthropods

Mosquitos – malaria, filarial parasites
Triatoma bugs – Trypanosoma cruzi
Phlebotomus sandflies - Leishmania

Sources of Infection: Animals

Cats – Toxoplasma
Dogs – Ancylostoma caninum
Rats – Hymenolepis nana

Sources of Infection: Another Person

Asymptomatic carries of _____ working as food handlers

Entamoeba histolytica

Mode of Transmission:

Soil Transmitted Helminths Skin Penetration Vector Borne Food Borne Water Borne Vertical Transmission Transmammary Inhalation Intimate Contact

Example of Soil Transmitted Helminths

Hookworm Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura Strongyloids stercoralis

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Skin Penetration

Hookworm, Strongyloides, Schistosoma

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Vector Borne

Filarial worms Plasmodium Babesia Hemoflagellates

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Food Borne

C. Philipinensis E. ilocanum Clonorchis Opistorchis Taenia Fasciola

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Water Borne

G. lamblia Cryptosporidium E. histolytica

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Vertical Transmission

Toxoplasma gondii

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Transmammary

Ancylostoma Strongyloides

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Inhalation

E. vermicularis

Examples of Mode of Transmission: Intimate Contact

Trichomonas vaginalis

Effects of the Parasite on the Host:

1. Interference with the vital processes of the host 2. Invasion and destruction of host tissue. 3. Deprivation of host’s essential nutrients and substances

Effects of the Host on the Parasite:

1. Genetic make-up 2. Diet rich in protein – X Protozoans 3. Low-protein diet - √ Amebiasis

Parts of Protozoa:

Nucleus Cytoplasm Outer limiting membrane Organelles Locomotory apparatus (Cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia) Apical Complex

Wet environment of Protozoa:

Feeding Locomotion Osmoregulation Reproduction

Kingdom Protista of Protozoa:

divided into several phyla, but the major organisms causing disease in man belong to Phylum

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Spatulate scolex with sucking grooves (bothria)

Pseudophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Globular with four muscular suckers.

Cyclophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Genital pores (uterine pore)

Pseudophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Genital pores (apolysis)

Cyclophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Eggs and segments are recovered from the patients

Pseudophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Segments may not be found.

Cyclophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Operculated and immature eggs = coracidium

Pseudophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Non-operculated eggs are passed out readily, containing the hexacanth embryo

Cyclophyllidea

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Worms generally require two intermediate hosts in their life cycle.

Pseudophyllidea; First intermediate (procercoid larvae) Second intermediate host (plerocercoid larvae)

Cestodes: Pseudophyllidea or Cyclophyllidea Worms require only one intermediate host

Cyclophyllidea

Examples of Pseudophyllidea

Diphyllobothrium, Spirometra

Examples of Cyclophyllidea

Taenia (cysticercus type), Hymenolepis (cysticercoid type), Dipylidium (cysticercoid type), Raillietina (cysticercoid type), Echinococcus spp. (hydatid)

Parts of Trematodes (flukes)

Oral sucker, and a ventral sucker (acetabulum), and third sucker (genital sucker or gonotyl)

Trematodes requires _________ hosts in their life cycle.

2 intermediate hosts

What is the infective stage of Trematodes

encysted larva and the metacercaria