Introduction to Parasitology

Question 1

area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

Answer 1

Parasitology

Question 2

is concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

Answer 2

Medical Parasitology

Question 3

is a branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions

Answer 3

Tropical Medicine

Question 4

is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical

Answer 4

Tropical Disease

Question 5

study of diseases at the population and community level

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Epidemiology

Question 6

is the living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms

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Symbiosis

Question 7

Types of Symbiosis:

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1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism
3. Parasitism

Question 8

is a symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

Answer 8

Commensalism (Ex: Entamoeba coli)

Question 9

is a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

Answer 9

Mutualism (Ex: Termites and flagellates)

Question 10

is a symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

Answer 10

Parasitism (Ex: Entamoeba histolytica)

Question 11

a parasite living outside the body of a host

Answer 11

Ectoparasite

Question 12

Its presence is called an infestation

Answer 12

Ectoparasite

Question 13

a parasite living inside the body of a host

Answer 13

Endoparasite

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Its presence is called an infection

Answer 14

Endoparasite

Question 15

found at the surface of skin

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Ectoparasite

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found beyond the skin

Answer 16

Endoparasite

Question 17

Type of Parasite According to Host Requirement:

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1. Obligate Parasite
2. Facultative Parasite

Question 18

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species

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Obligate Parasite

Question 19

It cannot exist without a host.

Answer 19

Obligate Parasite

Question 20

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

Answer 20

Facultative Parasite

Question 21

Type of Parasite According to Duration:

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1. Temporary Parasite
2. Permanent Parasite
3. Periodic Parasite
4. Transitory Parasite

Question 22

lives on the host only for a short period of time

Answer 22

Temporary Parasite

Question 23

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

Answer 23

Permanent Parasite

Question 24

the parasite affects you, but the stage of the parasite is only in the “larval stage” or “baby stage”

Answer 24

Periodic Parasite

Question 25

it is like a periodic parasite, it is in its “larval stage” in a host, but when it becomes an “adult,” it will NOT become a parasite

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Transitory Parasite

Question 26

Parasite according to duration: talks about duration of time

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Temporary vs. Permanent

Question 27

Parasite according to duration: talks about the stages

Answer 27

Periodic vs. Transitory

Question 28

Parasite according to duration: parasite in its “larval stage”

Answer 28

Periodic

Question 29

Parasite according to duration: when it becomes an “adult” --> not anymore a parasite (becomes free-living and independent)

Answer 29

Transitory

Question 30

parasite that causes disease

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Pathogenic Parasite

Question 31

parasite that causes disease only on an immunocompromised host

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Opportunistic Parasite

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a parasite, which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

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Accidental or Incidental Parasite

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organisms that attack a host where they cannot live or develop further

Answer 33

Aberrant Parasite

Question 34

a parasite where it is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

Answer 34

Erratic Parasite

Question 35

is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

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Spurious Parasite

Question 36

Defined as an organism which harbors the parasite and provides nourishment

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HOST

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It is usually larger, when compared to parasite

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HOST

Question 38

Types of Hosts:

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1. Definitive or Final Host 2. Intermediate Host 3. Paratenic Host 4. Reservoir Host

Question 39

is one in which the parasite attains sexual maturity (infective stage)

Answer 39

Definitive or Final Host

Question 40

harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

Answer 40

Intermediate Host

Question 41

is one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host

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Paratenic Host

Question 42

they allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

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Reservoir Host

Question 43

Life Cycles:

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1. Simple 2. Complicated or Complex

Question 44

life cycle is completed inside one host (give ex)

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Simple (Life Cycle) Ex: Entamoeba histolytica and Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 45

parasite requiring two different host, one definitive and one or more intermediate host (give ex)

Answer 45

Complicated or Complex (Life Cycle) Ex: Schistosoma (human & snail) and Leishmania donavani (human & sandfly)

Question 46

are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

Answer 46

Vectors

Question 47

transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host. Therefore, it is an essential part of the parasite's life cycle.

Answer 47

Biologic Vector

Question 48

non-essential; only transports the parasite

Answer 48

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

Question 49

Two types of Vector:

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1. Biologic Vector 2. Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

Question 50

is the natural abode of parasite species

Answer 50

Habitat

Question 51

Where is the habitat of E. histolytica?

Answer 51

Large Intestine (Cecum)

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Where is the habitat of Trichomonas tenax

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Gingival crevices

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Attacks and kills to attain food

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PREDATOR

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Portal of Entry:

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Mouth Skin Sexual Contact Kissing Congenital Inhalation Iatrogenic Ingestional

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from mother to fetus

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Congenital

Question 56

Factors that Determine Intensity of Parasitic Infection:

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1. Topography or locality 2. Faulty sanitary and hygienic measures 3. Social condition 4. Poverty 5. Age 6. Presence of intermediate host 7. Custom of people

Question 57

HOW PARASITES DAMAGE HOST:

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1. Toxic or Lytic 2. Traumatic 3. Mechanical 4. Migration to delicate organs 5. Complicating factor 6. Obstruction of food 7. Irritative or inflammatory 8. Excessive reproduction 9. Specific pathogenicity

Question 58

refers to the resistance offered by the host towards injury caused by parasite

Answer 58

Immunity

Question 59

Types of Immunity:

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Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Concomitant Immunity

Question 60

refers to the resistance offered by the host towards injury caused by parasite

Answer 60

Immunity

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Type of immunity where it is inherited

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Innate Immunity

Question 62

both AMI (antibody-mediated immunity) and CMI (cell-mediated immunity) plays a role in prevention

Answer 62

Acquired Immunity

Question 63

a host infected with a Schistosome resist reinfection with fresh cercariae at the same time maintains adult Schistosome

Answer 63

Concomitant Immunity