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Intestinal nematodes (PPT lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

referred to as round worms

A

Phylum Nematoda

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2
Q

bilaterally symmetrical helminths from the Greek work : ”nemat means thread”

A

Phylum Nematoda

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3
Q

elongated cylindrical bodies w/ complete digestive tract

A

Phylum Nematoda

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4
Q

with sensory chemoreceptor

A

Phasmids

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5
Q

with sensory chemoreceptor

A

Phylum Nematoda

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6
Q

means only one host

A

homexenous

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7
Q

means more than one host

A

heteroxenous

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8
Q

What is the usual cycle of phylum nematoda?

A

egg stage - larval stage - adult stage

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9
Q

Roundworm Infection can be acquired by means of the following:

A
  • ingestion of fully embryonated ova
  • ingestion of encysted larva
  • larval skin penetration
  • bites of arthropod vectors/skin inoculation
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10
Q

Classification of Roundworms:

A

According life stages
According to habitat
According to the presence or
absence of caudal chemoreceptor

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11
Q

Classification based on laying eggs or lava:

A
  1. Oviparous
  2. Viviparous
  3. Ovoviviparous
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12
Q

Under oviparous:

A

i) eggs with segmented ovum
ii) eggs with unsegmented ovum
iii) eggs with unsegmented ovum with mucus plug at both ends
iv) eggs containing larva

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13
Q

Examples of eggs with segmented ovum:

A

hookworm, Trichostrongylus species

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14
Q

Examples of egg with unsegmented ovum:

A

Ascaris species

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15
Q

Eggs with unsegmented ovum with mucus plug at both ends:

A

Trichuris species

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16
Q

Egg containing larva:

A

Enterobius species

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17
Q

Female worms directly give birth to larvae; there is no egg stage - filarial worm.

A

Viviparous

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18
Q

Examples of viviparous

A

filarial worm, Trichinella species, Dracuncular species

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19
Q

Female worms lay eggs that immediately hatch out

A

Ovoviviparous

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20
Q

Examples of Ovoviviparous:

A

Strongyloides species

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21
Q

Parasites that inhabits the small intestine:

A

Capillaria philippinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms

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22
Q

Parasites that inhabits the large intestine

A

Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis

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23
Q

Parasites that are phasmids:

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Enterobius vermicularis

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24
Q

Parasites that are aphasmids:

A

Trichuris trichiura
Trichinella spiralis
Capillaria philippinensis

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25
Q

Also known as whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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26
Q

Male of t. trichiura is ____ mm and slightly shorter than female

A

30-45

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27
Q

Male of t. trichiura has a _______ with a _____ and ______

A

coiled posterior end
Single spicule
retractile sheath

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28
Q

Female of T. trichiura is _______ mm long and has a _________ posterior end

A

35-50
bluntly rounded posterior end

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29
Q

female of t. trichiura lays approximately how many eggs

A

3,000 - 10,000 egg/day

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30
Q

the eggs of t. trichiura measures ______ um long

A

50-54 long by 23 um

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31
Q

Its egg is lemon shaped w/ plug-like translucent polar
prominences

A

Trichuris trichiura

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32
Q

Its egg has a yellowish outer & transparent inner shell

A

Trichuris trichiura

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33
Q

Pathogenesis & clinical manifestations:

  • petechial hemorrhages
  • the mucosa is hyperemic & edematous
  • those w/ more than 20,000
    eggs/gm of feces often develop severe diarrhea or dysenteric syndrome
  • enterorrhagia is common
  • rectal prolapse
A

Trichuris trichiura

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34
Q

Diagnosis of T. trichiura

A
  • DFS
  • kato cellophane thick smear
  • kato-katz technique (quantitative method)
  • acid-ether/formalin-ether
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35
Q

Treatment of T. trichiura

A

Albendazole and Mebendazole

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36
Q

Prevention and Control for T. trichiura (5)

A
  • treatment of infected individuals
  • sanitary disposal of human feces
  • washing of hands w/ soap & water
  • health education
  • thorough washing & scalding of uncooked vegetables
37
Q

tiny nematode residing in the small intestine

A

Capillaria philippinensis

38
Q

Male worm of C. philippinensis is ____ mm and female is ______ mm

A

male: 1.5 - 3.9 mm
female: 2.3 - 5.3 mm

39
Q

Its male spicule is 230 - 300 um long, unspined sheath

A

Capillaria philippinensis

40
Q

thin filamentous anterior end & a slightly thicker & shorter posterior end

A

Capillaria philippinensis

41
Q

peanut-shaped egg w/ flattened bipolar plugs

A

Capillaria philippinensis

42
Q

Pathogenesis & clinical manifestations:

borborygmus, abdominal pains, gurgling stomach, diarrhea weight loss, malaise, anorexia, vomiting & edema

A

Capillaria philippinensis

43
Q

Diagnosis for Capillaria philippinensis

A
  • finding the characteristic eggs in the feces (DFS)
  • doudenal aspiration
44
Q

Treatment for Capillaria Philippinensis:

A
  • electrolyte replacement & high CHON diet
  • mebendazole 200mg/day for 20 days
  • albendazole 400 mg once a day for 10 days
45
Q

Prevention and Control for C. philippinensis (4):

A
  • avoid eating raw fish
  • good sanitary practices
  • proper waste disposal
  • educational programs
46
Q

whitish in color, 1.5-3.5mm by 0.04-0.06mm

A

Trichinella spiralis

47
Q

male is 1.5mm by 0.04 mm has a single testes

A

Trichinella spiralis

48
Q

female is 3.5mm by 0.06n mm has a single ovary, oviduct, seminal receptacle, a coiled uterus, vagina & vulva, produce 1,500 larvae or more in her lifetime

A

Trichinella spiralis

49
Q

larva 80-120um by 5.6 um at birth reaches 900-1,300um by 35-40um after it enters a muscle fiber it has a spear-like burrowing anterior tip

A

Trichinella spiralis

50
Q

Pathogenesis & clinical manifestations:

-severity of symptoms depend on the intensity of infection
- 10 larvae are usually asymptomatic
- 100 or more larvae show symptoms
- 1000/more larvae is severe & even fata

A

Trichinella spiralis

51
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis

A
  1. Enteric phase
  2. Invasion phase stage
  3. Convalescent phase
52
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

Incubation period and larval migration

A

Enteric phase

53
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

Intestinal invasion stage

A

Invasion phase stage

54
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

Encystment stage

A

Convalescent phase

55
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

diarrhea/constipation, vomiting, abdominal cramps, malaise & nausea

A

Enteric phase

56
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

fever, facial edema, urticaria, pain, swelling and weakness

A

Invasion phase

57
Q

Phase and stages of infection of T. spiralis:

fever, weakness, pain & other symptoms

A

Convalescent phase

58
Q

Diagnosis for T. spiralis:

A
  • biochemical test
  • high counts of peripheral blood eosinophilia
  • serology
  • muscle biopsy (definitive diagnosis)
59
Q

Treatment for T. spiralis:

A
  • thiabendazole 2x a day for 7 days
  • mebendazole 6 hourly for 10-14 day
60
Q

Prevention & control of T.spiralis

A

-meat should be cooked @ 770C
- freezing -150C for 20 days or -300C for 6 days
- meat inspection & keeping pigs in rat-free
pens
- health education

61
Q

human pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

62
Q

causes enterobiasis/oxyuriasis,
characterized by perianal
itching/pruritus ani

A

Enterobius vermicularis

62
Q

female adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis is _____ by ______

A

8-13 mm by 0.4 mm

62
Q

characteristics of a female adult worm

A

prominent
esophageal bulb & long
pointed tail

63
Q

Male Enterobius vermicularis is ____ by ____

A

male is 2-5mm by 0.1-0.2 mm

64
Q

characteristics of a male Enterobius vermicularis

A

curved tail & single
spicule

65
Q

rhabditiform larva of Enterobius vermicularis is _____ by ______

A

140-150um by 10um

66
Q

(Enterobius) asymetrical eggs w/ one
side flattened & the other
side convex ______ by ______

A

50-60um by
20-30um

67
Q

(Enterobius) single female lays from

A

4,672-16,888 eggs/ day
(average: 11,105 eggs)

68
Q

Pathogenesis & clinical
manifestations of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • mild catarrhal inflammation of the
    intestinal mucosa
  • irratation of the perianal region
  • intense itching
  • insomia due to the pruritus
  • poor appetite , weight loss,
    irritability, grinding of teeth & abdominal pain
69
Q

Diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis

A

graham’s scotch adhesive tape swab

70
Q

Treatment of Enterobius vermicularis

A

-albendazole 400mg single dose
- mebendazole 500mg single dose
- pyrantel w/ 2nd dose 2-4 weeks later

71
Q

Prevention and control of Enterobius vermicularis

A
  • personal hygiene
  • proper hand washing
  • infected person should sleep alone
72
Q

large roundworm, normally located in the small intestine.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

73
Q

mature worms is cylindrical with tapering ends.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

74
Q

creamy white to light brown in color.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

75
Q

Female ascaris measures _______ and ______

A

female measures 20-35 cm long & 3-6mm wide.

76
Q

smaller male Ascaris lumbricoides measures ________ and _______ and has a _________

A

male is smaller 12-31 cm long & 2-4 mm wide & has a curved tail

77
Q

the head has 3 lips with minute teeth or
denticles

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

78
Q

it has a thick cuticle.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

79
Q

male has 2 broad spicules.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

80
Q

female vulva opens at the junction of the anterior & the middle thirds of the body

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

81
Q

the fertilized egg is brownish, ovoid, 60-70 x 30-50um.

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

82
Q

size of unfertilized egg of Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

88-94 x 40-44um

83
Q

What is the distribution of Ascaris Lumbricoides ?

A

Cosmopolitan

84
Q

ectopic migration (appendix, bile duct, pancreatic duct).

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

85
Q

Diagnosis of Ascaris Lumbricoides

A
  • detection of ascaris eggs in the feces.
  • adult worm are visualized in the intestines by barium
    meal examination
86
Q

Treatment of Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

-Mebendazole 1 tab 2x/day for 3 days
-Albendazole single dose 400 mg
-Pyrantel pamoate single dose of 10mg/kg body weight

87
Q

Prevention and Control of Ascaris Lumbricoides

A
  • mass chemotherapy
  • environmental sanitation
  • improvements in housing
  • eating cooked food
  • proper hand washing
  • good personal hygiene

Parasitology (Lecture) (11 decks)

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