Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
it is a chemistry of carbon compounds (not all carbon compounds are organics)
Organic chemistry
In ancient era, ______ was used as a pain killer
willow bark
Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800’s by ______
Jon Jacob Berzelius
originated in living or once-living matter
Organic
came from “mineral” or non-living matter
Inorganic
He discovered that urea - an organic compound - could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound).
Frederich Wöhler
Wöhler mixed _____ and ______ to produce solid silver chloride and aqueous ammonium cyanate:
silver cyanate and ammonium chloride
He separated the mixture by ____ and tried to purify the aqueous ammonium cyanate by evaporating the water
filtration
Group 14 in the p-block, contains C, Si, Ge, Sn, and (Pb). Each of these elements has only two electrons in its outermost p orbital : each has the electron configuration ns2np2
carbon family
-Basic for all life
-Form stable covalent bonds to other carbon atoms- catenation
-Can form single, double, triple bonds
-Long carbon chain can be produced
-Will bond to many other element
-A huge number of chemicals is possible
Carbon
- It is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains.
- occurs most readily in carbon
- reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature.
Catenation
_______-______ bonds are strong, long chains or rings of carbon atoms bonded to one another are possible.
carbon-carbon
two familiar examples of carbon-carbon bond
Diamond and graphite
with the combination of hydrogen, carbon affords a remarkable variety of carbon hydrides
Hydrocarbons
Carbon forms bonds not only with itself and with hydrogen but also with many other elements, including _______
strongly electron-attracting elements
it is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
organic compound
It is a major component of all organic compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
carbon
Three generally accepted sources of organic compounds:
- Carbonized organic matter
- Living organisms
- Invention/Human ingenuity
It is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.
Carbonization (Carbonized organic matter)
The chemical compounds of living things are known as____-because of their association with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds.
organic compounds (Living Organisms)
four major categories found in all living things
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Antibiotics, aspirin, vanilla flavoring, and heart drugs are examples of substances that no longer have to be obtained directly from nature, they are manufactured in laboratories from organic starting materials.
Each year over 250,000 new chemical compounds are discovered
Invention/Human ingenuity
Organic compound’s bonding with molecule
usually covalent
inorganic compound’s bonding with molecule
often ionic
organic compound’s forces between molecules
generally weak (Intermolecular force)
inorganic compound’s forces between molecules
Quite strong (Electrostatic force)
Organic compound ‘s normal physical state
Gases, liquids or low melting-point solids
inorganic compound ‘s normal physical state
Usually high melting-point solids
Organic compound ‘s flammability
Often flammable
inorganic compound ‘s flammability
usually non-flammable
Organic compound ‘s solubility in water
insoluble
inorganic compound ‘s solubility in water
soluble
organic compound’s conductivity
non-conductor
inorganic compound’s conductivity
conductor
organic compound’s rate of chemical reaction
Slow and complex
inorganic compound’s rate of chemical reaction
Fast and simple
Naturally occurring organic compounds
- Proteins
- Fats and oils
- Vitamins
It’s from animals; used a structural materials and a biological catalyst and regulators
Proteins (e.g. enzymes, hormones)
It is from animals and
vegetables; used to store energy
Fats and oils (Triglyceride, Paraffin Oils, Almond Oils)
It is from food; used for healthy growth and functioning
Vitamins (A, B complex, C, D, E, and K)
Synthetic Organic Compounds
- Plastics
- Medicines and drugs
- Pesticides
- Dyes
Ex: Poly (ethene), Perspex.
For packaging, plastic
bags, as a substitute for glass.
Plastics
ex: Tranquilizer, Analgesic and Bactericide.
- used to treat tropical diseases such as Trypanosomiasis or Sleeping Illness and Malaria.
Medicines and Drugs
ex: Dichlorodiphenyl
trichloroethane (DDT)
- used to kill houseflies and
other insects.
Pesticides
ex: Methylene blue
- Give colour to the material.
Dyes
Different types of formula of organic compounds
-Molecular formula
-Empirical formula
-Structural formula
-Condensed formula
-Bond-line formula
Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Molecular formula
Simplest ratio number of atoms of each element in a molecule
Empirical formula
Shows all atoms in the bonds, Bonds are represented as line
Structural Formula
Shorthand way of writing Molecular formula
Condensed Formula
- Represent structure between carbon-carbon bonds.
Bond-line formula
Atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are called ____
heteroatoms
