Introduction to Neuropathology Flashcards
Name the three features of the evolving human brain that helped shape women’s sexual and reproductive health during evolution.
- Increased need for energy and nutrients during fetal development
- Relatively large size of brain and fetal head
- Need for a long time to complete its development after birth
Why is the human placenta so invasive?
Due to growing fetal needs and the requirements of the developing human brain (during week 16 of pregnancy)
What are the two molecules that the brain needs to function properly or else it will be damaged?
- Glucose
2. Oxygen
What is the brain composed of?
Lipids (i.e. sphingomyelin and cerebrosides)
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
How many neurons are there in the human brain?
Standard says 100 Billion neurons (but some one did a research study on it and measured it out to be around 86 Billion)
Glial cells are derived from which germ layer?
Neuroectoderm
What are the three glial cells?
- Astrocytes
- Ependymal Cells
- Oligodendrocytes
How many glial cells are there in the nervous system?
They say a safe estimate is 10x the amount of neurons
What is the most abundant glial cell?
Astrocytes
If you perform a glial stain on cell in the brain, which cell will not light up? Why?
Microglia!
They will not light up because they are derived from Monocytes which are NOT from the neuroectoderm in origin (more like mesodermal origin)
What is the neurophil? What can it tell us?
Surrounding tissue that is not made up of the glial cells, microglia, neurons or blood vessels.
It can tell us that something bad is happening with the brain (i.e. Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Astrocytes)
What is the relationship between Grey and White matter?
Which cells are found in these areas?
Grey is outside of white
Grey = Neocortex
White = Glial cells
How many layers are in the neocortex?
What is the organization of these layers?
6
I is the outermost with VI being the innermost
Describe the organization of the Cerebellar Cortex (from outside to inside).
Which cells are specific to the cerebellum?
Molecular Layer - Granular Layer - White Matter
Pirkinje Cells
Red neurons, spheroid and central chromatolysis are all examples of ________ .
Acute Neuronal Injury (within 12 hrs of irreversible hypoxia/ischemia)
Lewy bodies, lipofuchsin and dystrophic neurites are all examples of _________ .
Intracellular inclusions
What can viral infections (in general) cause in the brain?
Intranuclear Inclusions
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions
Both
What is the space called that is an extension of the subarachnoid space?
Virchow-Robbins Space
Why do areas in the brain with severe damage become cavitary over time?
The brain does not heal like other areas in the body and it will no become fibrous/infarcted.
The structure that is injured within the brain is not replaced when you have a cellular injury.
What is the cause of spheroids?
Can occur post-traumatically with “Diffuse Axonal Damage”
Which acute neuronal injury is going to present with neurons that are ballooned and their cytoplasmic structures are gone?
Central Chromatolysis
Gliosis, gemistocytic ______ , fibrillary _______ , Rosenthal Fibers and corpora amylacea are all patterns of injury and repair when dealing with ________ .
Astrocytes
Is the lymphatic inflammatory response typically noted/seen in parnchymal disorders of the brain?
NO!