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Neuroscience II (Exam 2) > Cerebrovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cerebrovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Hypovolemic shock, insulinemia, and hypertension can all cause _______.

A

Global Cerebral Ischemia

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2
Q

How does Local Cerebral Ischemia present?

A

Unilateral ischemia/infarctions

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3
Q

Which type of ischemia is going to present as a watershed infarction?

The border zone is typically located between which arteries?

A

Medium Global Ischemia

Located between ACA and MCA

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4
Q

Why do you not want to administer thrombolytic therapy to a patient with a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

You will INCREASE the extend of the bleeding and make the damage worse!

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5
Q

Describe the normal presentation of symptoms that are accompanied by a stroke?

A

Lateral isolation of symptoms!!!

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6
Q

What is the largest branch of the Internal Carotid Artery?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

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7
Q

Describe the pneumonic (CHANGes) as it relates to the signs and symptoms of stroke patients.

A

C - Contralateral paresis and sensory loss in the face and the arm

H - Homonymous Hemianopsia

A - Aphasia

N - Neglect

G - Gaze preference TOWARDS the side of the lesion

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8
Q

__________ come off of the MCA and can cause damage to the basal ganglia if damaged.

A

Lenticulostriate Vessels

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9
Q

_________ arteries are particularly vulnerable in babies that have an amniotic fluid emboli.

A

Lenticulostriate

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10
Q

These are supplied by which artery?

  1. Almost all of the motor and primary motor cortex
  2. Major regions of the auditory area
  3. Major regions of the speech area
  4. Internal Capsule
A

Middle Cerebral Artery

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11
Q

Occlusion of the proximal MCA or one of its major branches is most often due to an _______ rather than intracranial atherothrombosis.

A

Embolus

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12
Q

What is the most common site for thrombosis?

A

Carotid Bifurcation

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13
Q

What is the most common site for Emboli?

What is a good indicator that an emboli was present?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

Lines of Zon!

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14
Q

Where is the most common site for mural thrombi to dislodge from before they go to the MCA during an embolic stroke?

A

Left side of the heart

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15
Q

What is the most common site for a Berry Aneurysm?

A

Anterior circulation of the Circle of Willis (specifically the Anterior Communicating Artery)

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16
Q

Explain why reperfusion injuries are seen in embolic strokes.

A

Pooling of blood in the necrotic tissue is going to end up with more Reactive Oxygen Species!

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17
Q

How do fat emboli present?

A

Little red dots that are spread in BOTH hemispheres of the brain!

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18
Q

Where does the blood from a ruptured Berry Aneurysm go?

A

Subarachnoid Space

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19
Q

__________ are located in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Arteriovenous Malformations

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20
Q

Explain how you could be predisposed to developing Berry Aneurysms.

A

You could be born with a small muscular defect in the wall of an artery at a branch point.

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21
Q

________ and ________ are associated with the development of Berry Aneurysms.

A
  1. Marfan’s Syndrome

2. Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD)

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22
Q

In regards to responding to a foreign body with the immune system, the brain is considered “_____________”.

A

Immunologically-Priviledged

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23
Q

Patients with Medullablastomas require chemotherapy for the treatment of the tumor. ________ from the chemotherapy treatment can cause _______ .

A

Methotrexate

Meningitis

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24
Q

_________ is reflected in certain clinical syndromes that would present with motor and sensory deficits (instead of just nuchal ridigity and headache present in normal meningitis).

A

Meningoencephalitis

25
Q

Describe how lacunar infarcts are going to present in the brain.

A

Small red dots in the Basal Ganglia (white matter) and they will not necessarily be on both sides

26
Q

Most patients with chronic meningitis are _______ .

A

Immunocompromised

27
Q

Which infectious agent typically only shows up between birth-3 months of age and causes meningitis?

A

Group B Streptococcus

28
Q

__________ is typically associated with an end-stage infection in humans and it causes meningitis in immunocompromised patients.

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

29
Q

Leptomeningeal opacity/exudate on the superficial cortical brain is associated with which type of meningitis?

A

Acute Pyogenic

30
Q

Neutrophilic infiltrate in the subarachnoid space, cerebritis (neutrophils extend into the virchow-robbins space) and Phlebitis (venous thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarction) are all ________ characteristics of ______ meningitis.

A

Microscopic

Acute

31
Q

During acute meningitis, you can have septicemia (“blood poisoning”), hemorrhagic infarct of the adrenal glands and Cutaneous petechiae. What is this known as?

This is present with which microorganism?

A

Waterhouse Freiderichesen Syndrome

Neisseria meningitidis

32
Q

________ presents as gram-negative diplococci on histologic slides.

A

Neisseria Meningitidis

33
Q

Increased Lymphocytes, Normal CSF Protein (or elevated) and Normal CSF glucose is associated with _________ .

A

Viral Meningitis

34
Q

Increased Neutrophils, Increased CSF Protein and Decreased CSF Glucose is associated with _________ .

A

Bacterial Meningitis

35
Q

Increased Lymphocytes, Increased CSF Protein and Decreased CSF Glucose is associated with _______ .

A

Fungal Meningitis

36
Q

Chronic arachnoiditis is associated with ________ meningitis.

A

Bacterial

37
Q

__________ is a term that is normally used for describing fungal infections; however, it is used to describe bacterial infections in the brain.

A

Mycotic Aneurysms

38
Q

Which lobe does the Herpes virus typically infect?

A

Temporal Lobe

39
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is due to infection of the __________ virus.

A

JC polyoma Virus

40
Q

What is the late manifestation of the measles virus?

A

Subacute Sclerosis Panencephalitis

41
Q

Intranuclear inclusions and a nucleolus pattern than is marginalized is typical of __________ .

A

Herpes Encephalitis

42
Q

__________ is known as extension of inflammatory cells into the Virchow-Robbins Space.

A

Perivascular Inflammation

43
Q

Pleomorphic CSF (Neutrophils and Lymphocytes) are characteristic of ________ meningitis.

A

Aseptic (Viral) Meningitis

44
Q

Tuberculosis, neurosyphilis, lyme disease and cryptococcus are all examples of infectious agents that can end up causing ___________ .

A

Chronic Bacterial Meningoencephalitis

45
Q

Which infectious agent will cause periventricular necrosis, severe brain destruction, and periventricular calcifications in utero?

A

Cytomegalovirus

46
Q

Large nucleus, marginal chromatin and cytoplasmic inclusions are all characteristic of _________ .

A

Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis

47
Q

Which infectious agent will cause widespread neuronal degeneration, most severe inflammation tends to be in brainstem distribution and contains Negri bodies?

A

Rabies

48
Q

After an injury to a body part, if you have parasthesias (numbness of the tissue) around the wound, where should your index of suspicion go?

A

Rabies

49
Q

Chronic inflammatory reaction, microglial nodules, multinucleated giant cells, reactive gliosis and myelin pallor are all characteristic of _________ .

A

HIV Encephalitis

50
Q

The degree of dementia in HIV encephalitis tends to correlate with the quantity of activated _________ .

A

Microglial Cells

51
Q

Which two infectious agents are associated with Ring-Like formations in the brain?

A
  1. Nocardia asteroides

2. Toxoplasmosis

52
Q

Which disease is associated with a virus that preferentially infects oligodendrocytes, demyelination occurs and occurs almost exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals?

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

53
Q

Which two fungal agents are angioinvasive?

A
  1. Aspergillus

2. Mucor

54
Q

Cerebral malaria is normally due to ___________ .

A

Plasmodium Falciparum

55
Q

Cerebral __________ is associated with brain abscesses mostly in the cerebral cortex near the gray-white junction and deep grey nuclei. It will line up in the periventricular areas.

A

Toxoplasmosis

56
Q

_______ is a protazoa that is associated with necrotizing encephalitis.

A

Naegleria Fufuri

57
Q

Which type of diseases are going to present with a “spongiform” encephalopathy?

A

Prion Diseases

58
Q

What is an Artiovenous Malformation?

A

Vessels that are tortuous and malformed that can rupture! They tend to be located in the white matter of the brain.

Neuroscience II (Exam 2) (14 decks)

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