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Neuro > Introduction to neural structures and function > Flashcards

Introduction to neural structures and function Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate

A

EXCITES neurons, involved in memory and phototransduction

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2
Q

GABA

A

INHIBITS other neurons from firing

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3
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood

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4
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved with feeling reward, learning, and emotion

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5
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Involved with memory, attention, and muscle action

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6
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alertness

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7
Q

Imbalance of glutamate (too much)

A

Migraines or seizures

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8
Q

GABA imbalance (too little)

A

Seizures, tremors, and insomnia

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9
Q

Identifiable features of bottom view of brain

A

Frontal lobe, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

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10
Q

Features of the side view of the brain

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, central sulcus, temporal lobe, lateral sulcus, preoccipital notch, occipital lobe, and cerebellum hemisphere

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11
Q

Where does the action potential start?

A

Axon hillocks

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12
Q

Phases of an action potential

A
  1. Activation threshold 2. Depolarization 3. Repolarization 4. Return to resting potential
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13
Q

Membrane potential change at activation threshold

A

From -70 mV to +40 mV

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14
Q

Refractory (def.)

A

Period of time where neuron is unable to fire (usually when sodium ion channel closes)

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15
Q

K+ ions cause…

A

Repolarization then hyperpolarization

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16
Q

Ineurons at rest (electrically speaking)

A

Have an electric potential between inside and outside

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17
Q

Usual charge of inside cell

A

-70mV

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18
Q

Depolarization

A

Cell becomes less negative - sodium enters cell

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19
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Cell potential becomes more negative inside

20
Q

Resting potential

A

Polarization level of an unstimulated neuron

21
Q

Nernst equation

A 
E = (RT/zF) on (ion outside/ion inside)
Potential energy (E) depends on ionic gradient, inversely relational to charge on Ion and constants (gas constant, temperature, faraday constant)
22
Q

VEP

A

“Visual evoked potential” - a type of non-invasive volume recording of electrophysiology. Can detect optic neuritis nerve asymmetry

23
Q

Gas constant

A

R = 8.31 J/mol K

24
Q

Standard physiological temperature

A

37 degrees C = 310.2 K

25
Q

Faraday constant

A

96500 C/mol e-

26
Q

Ion channels

A

Allow ions to cross membrane - without unable to pass due to lipid bilateral

27
Q

Leakage channel

A

Always open ion channel

28
Q

Voltage gated ion channel

A

Ion channels that only open at certain voltages

29
Q

Receptor-linked (ligand gated) ion channel

A

Ion channels that open in response to the stimulus of a neurotransmitter

30
Q

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels

A

Ion channels that open in response to charges in the level of cyclic nucleotides (cGMP)

31
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Excessive extra cellular sodium - increase size of action potential - increase muscle excitability

32
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Loss of extracellular K+ -increase resting potential - increase muscle weakness and tremors

33
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

Key “pump” against concentration gradient -exchange 3Na intracellular for 2K extracellular with 1 ATP

34
Q

Percents of key metabolic resources distributed to the brain

A

25% glucose
20% oxygen
15% cardiac output

35
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Interruption of blood flow to the brain - loss of oxygen requires brain to switch to anaerobic respiration

36
Q

Problems with anaerobic respiration in the brain

A

Less efficient (ion pumps compromised), lactic acid production (toxic), accumulation of free radicals

37
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

Temporary blindness of one or both eyes due to lack of blood flow. A symptom of an underlying problem

38
Q

AION

A

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy -sudden (and sustained?)loss of vision -

39
Q

Arteritic AION

A

Sudden blindness due to inflammation of arteries supplying blood to optic nerve

40
Q

N-AION

A

Sudden vision loss caused by reasons other than inflammation of arteries

41
Q

Differentiating occipital lobe from temporal lobe

A

Central sulcus forms an arrow pointing towards occipital lobe

42
Q

size of synaptic cleft

A

2 nm

43
Q

requirements of synapse

A

production, storage, release (exocytosis), binding, generation of action potential, and removal/reuptake

44
Q

structural imaging

A

CT and MRI

45
Q

functional imaging

A

PET and fMRI

Neuro (11 decks)

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