Introduction to NCD Epidemiology Flashcards
What is the most common disease in the Philippines?
Ischaemic Heart Disease
What are the characteristics of NCDs?
- Complex etiology (have many different causes)
- Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
- Multiple risk factors
- Long latency period
- Prolonged course of illness
- Functional impairment or disability
Risk Factors of NCDs
- Behavior or lifestyle
- Environmental exposure
- Hereditary
- Can be modifiable or non-modifiable
Factors that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of development of a disease.
Modifiable Risk Factor
What are Modifiable Risk Factors?
– Physical inactivity
– Tobacco use
– Alcohol use
– Unhealthy diets (increased fat and sodium, low
fruit and vegetable intake)
It is defined as a risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention
Non - Modifiable Risk Factor
What are Non-Modifiable Risk Factors?
– Age
– Gender
– Race
– Family history (genetics)
Diseases of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
Coronary Heart Disease
Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain; stroke
Cerebro-vascular Disease
Disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Malformations of heart structure existing at birth
Congenital Heart Disease
What are the number 1 cause of death globally?
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
This is a disorder of metabolism — inadequate control of blood levels of glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes in which the pancreas cannot produce and release insulin
Type I DM
Diabetes in which it is insulin resistant; your body does not respond well to insulin
Type II DM
What are the causes of Type I DM?
Genetics, Auto-immune problem
What are the causes of Type II DM?
Genetics, Lifestyle problem, Aging
This is where a pregnant woman has uncontrolled blood sugar levels during pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
This is similar to type II; more prevalent to younger age
MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young)
Seen in Alzheimer’s Disease; people with Alzheimer’s have insulin resistance
Type III DM
“Always eating”
Polyphagia
“Always drinking”
Polydipsia
“Always urinating”
Polyuria
This is where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and go beyond their usual boundaries to invade other parts of the body
Cancer
T/F 60% of all cancer deaths occur in high and middle income countries.
False; 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low- and middle income countries.
Cancer of the female reproductive system *99% of cases linked to genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
Cervical Cancer
Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer
o Smoking
o Birth control pills for a long time (five or more
years)
o Having given birth to three or more children
o Having several sexual partners
This type of cancer affects more men than women
Lung Cancer
Active Smoking
Firsthand Smoking
Passive Smoking
Secondhand Smoking
Leftover particles;
nicotine or other chemicals left in a variety of
indoor surfaces (tables, chairs).
Thirdhand Smoking
This occurs commonly in women, rarely occurs in men
Breast Cancer
Risk Factors of Breast Cancer
– Hormone therapies
– Weight and physical activity
– Genetics or family history = BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
– Age is the most reliable risk factor!
This is the third most common type of cancer
Colorectal Cancer
How many people die from alcohol consumption alone?
25 million
What is the moderate volume of alcohol?
1.2 tablespoons of alcohol
This is also linked to increased sodium intake.
Hypertension
This draws in more water in the body, increasing the blood volume which gives a bad effect.
Sodium
What is the recommended intake of sodium per day?
1500 - 2000mg/ day
What does DASH stand for?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
What is DASH?
Recommended by CDC, it is one of the well studies lifestyles. It requires no special food, it is flexible and can be adopted for the entire family
The mechanism of bad effects of high cholesterol is they tend to hide in between the layers of the blood vessels, causing damage and inflammation
High Cholesterol Level
What tests can be done to determine high blood sugars?
- Fasting Blood Sugar
- Hba1c test
This is used to determine if a person is overweight or not
BMI, or Body Mass Index
