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Community and Public Health > Introduction to NCD Epidemiology > Flashcards

Introduction to NCD Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common disease in the Philippines?

A

Ischaemic Heart Disease

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of NCDs?

A
  • Complex etiology (have many different causes)
  • Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
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3
Q

Risk Factors of NCDs

A
  • Behavior or lifestyle
  • Environmental exposure
  • Hereditary
  • Can be modifiable or non-modifiable
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4
Q

Factors that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of development of a disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factor

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5
Q

What are Modifiable Risk Factors?

A

– Physical inactivity
– Tobacco use
– Alcohol use
– Unhealthy diets (increased fat and sodium, low
fruit and vegetable intake)

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6
Q

It is defined as a risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention

A

Non - Modifiable Risk Factor

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7
Q

What are Non-Modifiable Risk Factors?

A

– Age
– Gender
– Race
– Family history (genetics)

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8
Q

Diseases of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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9
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain; stroke

A

Cerebro-vascular Disease

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10
Q

Disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

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11
Q

Malformations of heart structure existing at birth

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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12
Q

What are the number 1 cause of death globally?

A

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)

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13
Q

This is a disorder of metabolism — inadequate control of blood levels of glucose.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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14
Q

Diabetes in which the pancreas cannot produce and release insulin

A

Type I DM

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15
Q

Diabetes in which it is insulin resistant; your body does not respond well to insulin

A

Type II DM

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16
Q

What are the causes of Type I DM?

A

Genetics, Auto-immune problem

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17
Q

What are the causes of Type II DM?

A

Genetics, Lifestyle problem, Aging

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18
Q

This is where a pregnant woman has uncontrolled blood sugar levels during pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes

19
Q

This is similar to type II; more prevalent to younger age

A

MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young)

20
Q

Seen in Alzheimer’s Disease; people with Alzheimer’s have insulin resistance

A

Type III DM

21
Q

“Always eating”

A

Polyphagia

22
Q

“Always drinking”

A

Polydipsia

23
Q

“Always urinating”

A

Polyuria

24
Q

This is where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and go beyond their usual boundaries to invade other parts of the body

A

Cancer

25
Q

T/F 60% of all cancer deaths occur in high and middle income countries.

A

False; 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low- and middle income countries.

26
Q

Cancer of the female reproductive system *99% of cases linked to genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Cervical Cancer

27
Q

Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer

A

o Smoking
o Birth control pills for a long time (five or more
years)
o Having given birth to three or more children
o Having several sexual partners

28
Q

This type of cancer affects more men than women

A

Lung Cancer

29
Q

Active Smoking

A

Firsthand Smoking

30
Q

Passive Smoking

A

Secondhand Smoking

31
Q

Leftover particles;
nicotine or other chemicals left in a variety of
indoor surfaces (tables, chairs).

A

Thirdhand Smoking

32
Q

This occurs commonly in women, rarely occurs in men

A

Breast Cancer

33
Q

Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

A

– Hormone therapies
– Weight and physical activity
– Genetics or family history = BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
– Age is the most reliable risk factor!

34
Q

This is the third most common type of cancer

A

Colorectal Cancer

35
Q

How many people die from alcohol consumption alone?

A

25 million

36
Q

What is the moderate volume of alcohol?

A

1.2 tablespoons of alcohol

37
Q

This is also linked to increased sodium intake.

A

Hypertension

38
Q

This draws in more water in the body, increasing the blood volume which gives a bad effect.

A

Sodium

39
Q

What is the recommended intake of sodium per day?

A

1500 - 2000mg/ day

40
Q

What does DASH stand for?

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

41
Q

What is DASH?

A

Recommended by CDC, it is one of the well studies lifestyles. It requires no special food, it is flexible and can be adopted for the entire family

42
Q

The mechanism of bad effects of high cholesterol is they tend to hide in between the layers of the blood vessels, causing damage and inflammation

A

High Cholesterol Level

43
Q

What tests can be done to determine high blood sugars?

A
  • Fasting Blood Sugar
  • Hba1c test
44
Q

This is used to determine if a person is overweight or not

A

BMI, or Body Mass Index

Community and Public Health (5 decks)

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