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Community and Public Health > Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of healthrelated states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

Studies the factors that determine the frequency,distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations

A

Epidemiologists

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3
Q

The basic model to study health problems

A

Epidemiological Triangle

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4
Q

This is produced by exposure of a susceptible host to an noxious agent in the presence of environmental factors that aid or hinder agents of disease.

A

Disease

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5
Q

The characteristic of an agent that embodies
capability of entering, surviving, and multiplying and causing disease in a susceptible host

A

Infectivity

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6
Q

The ability to cause a disease

A

Pathogenicity

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7
Q

T/F All agents, especially biological agents, arepathogenic/can cause disease.

A

False; Some bacteria are normal microbiota or are normally part of our bodies

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8
Q

The degree of pathogenicity or disease-producing ability of a microorganism

A

Virulence

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9
Q

T/F The more virulent an organism
is, the more it can possibly cause a disease

A

True

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10
Q

T/F The more virulent an organism
is, the more it can possibly cause a disease

A

True

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11
Q

The ability or extent to which a substance is able to stimulate an immune response

A

Immunogenicity

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12
Q

This refers to the capacity to produce toxin

A

Toxigenicity

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13
Q

T/F There are organisms that are producing its own toxin that eventually cause the clinical
manifestation of the disease.

A

True

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14
Q

The ability of bacteria and other
microorganism to resist the effect of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

A

Resistance

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15
Q

The ability of bacteria and other
microorganism to resist the effect of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

A

Resistance

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16
Q

A period in which the infection is present in the
host without producing overt symptoms.

A

Latency

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17
Q

Means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.

A

Communicable Disease

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18
Q

Communicable diseases that are easily transmitted from one person to another

A

Contagious Disease

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19
Q

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources.

A

Zoonotic Diseases (Ex. Bird Flu)

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20
Q

The time interval between the exposure to the agent and the onset of signs and symptoms

A

Incubation Period

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21
Q

Interval between the acquisition of the infectious agent by a vector and a vector’s ability to transmit the agent to another susceptible host

A

Extrinsic Incubation Period

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22
Q

The time in which the infectious agent may be transferred from an infected host to a susceptible host

A

Communicable Period

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23
Q

The time period between the lodgment of the agent and the period of maximum communicability of the host

A

Generation Time

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24
Q

The difference between stages of the development of thedisease; whether it is inapparent or severe

A

Gradient of Infection

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25
Q

This is where there are no visible signs or symptoms

A

Inapparent infection

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26
Q

Infection with clinical manifestations, high case fatality, and high proportion of disease sequel

A

Severe Infection

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27
Q

State wherein a host is infected but does not manifest the disease’s signs and/or symptoms

A

Carrier State

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28
Q

These changes in disease trends within a year; is dependent on environmental conditions; vector density; and behavior of the host

A

Temporal Trend

29
Q

These changes in disease trends over several years; observable changes in those susceptible to the disease

A

Annual Trend

30
Q

These are gradual changes in the occurrence of disease over long periods of time; may be due to changes in incidence, age distribution, or diagnostic ascertainment

A

Secular Trend

31
Q

Diseases that occur only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area

A

Sporadic Diseases

32
Q

Diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area

A

Endemic Diseases

33
Q

T/F In Endemics, the disease dies out quickly

A

False; Disease never dies out completely; It is always present

34
Q

Greater than usual number of cases of a
disease in a particular region, usually occurring within a relatively short period of time

A

Epidemic

35
Q

Occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously—sometimes worldwide (Ex. Spanish Flu, COVID-19)

A

Pandemic Diseases

36
Q

Certain number of people in the community is
immunized against a specific disease which allows the population who can’t be immunized be protected from the disease

A

Herd Immunity

37
Q

Number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

A

Incidence

38
Q

Number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

A

Period Prevalance

39
Q

Number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

A

Point Prevalence

40
Q

This is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period per a specified population; also known as Death Rate

A

Mortality Rate

41
Q

Usually expressed as the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population
(usually per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population)

A

Morbidity Rate

42
Q

Chain of Infection

A
  1. A pathogen
  2. A reservoir of pathogen
  3. A portal of exit
  4. A mode of transmission
  5. A portal of entry
  6. A susceptible host
43
Q

Any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host

A

Reservoir

44
Q

Most important reservoirs of human infectious diseases

A

Humans/ Human Reservoirs

45
Q

A person who is colonized with a particular
pathogen but the pathogen is not currently causing disease to that person

A

Carrier

46
Q

They carry the pathogen without having the
disease

A

Passive Carriers

47
Q

They are capable of transmitting a pathogen
during the incubation period of a particular infectious
disease

A

Incubatory Carriers

48
Q

Harbor and can transmit a
particular pathogen while recovering from infectious disease. Pathogen still sheds from patients’ body fluids

A

Convalascent Carriers

49
Q

Have completely recovered from the
disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely. Pathogen can still be transmitted

A

Active Carriers

50
Q

The carrier of salmonella typhi and caused outbreaks of typhoid fever in the area where she prepares food

A

Mary Mallon

51
Q

T/F Salmonella can be transmitted through ingestion

A

True

52
Q

They are important reservoirs of zoonoses

A

Animals

53
Q

Zoonoses is acquired by:

A

– direct contact with the animal
– Inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen
– Injection of the pathogen by an arthropod vector

54
Q

Can arthropods be vectors?

A

Arthropods are involved in the
transmission of infectious diseases

55
Q

This reservoir contaminated by dust and respiratory secretions

A

Air

56
Q

This reservoir can carry spores of bacteria and dried bits of human and animal excretions

A

Dust

57
Q

This reservoir can be contaminated by careless
handling

A

Food and Milk

58
Q

This reservoir can be contaminated with human and animal fecal matter

A

Water

59
Q

These are inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens

A

Fomites

60
Q

Mode of transmission that involves the transfer of pathogen via infectious droplets

A

Droplet

61
Q

Contact

A

Direct or Indirect

62
Q

Mode of transmission that involves the dispersal of droplet nuclei (smaller than 5um)

A

Airborne

63
Q

Mode of transmission which can be contaminated inanimate objects

A

Vehicular

64
Q

Mode of transmission that involves various types of biting insects and arachnids

A

Vector transmission

65
Q

Transmission of infection that can be prevented by frequent handwashing

A

Direct skin - to - skin contact

66
Q

This can be transmitted by kissing or sexual intercourse; Most STDs are transmitted by this manner

A

Direct mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane
contact

67
Q

Ongoing operations or programs aimed at reducing the incidence or prevalence of that disease

A

Control of an infectious disease

68
Q

Reduction of case transmission to a predetermined very low level

A

Elimination of an infectious disease

69
Q

Achieving a status where no further cases of that disease occur anywhere and where continued control measures are unnecessary

A

Eradication of an infectious disease

Community and Public Health (5 decks)

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