Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases

Question 1

The study of the distribution and determinants of healthrelated states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Studies the factors that determine the frequency,distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations

Answer 2

Epidemiologists

Question 3

The basic model to study health problems

Answer 3

Epidemiological Triangle

Question 4

This is produced by exposure of a susceptible host to an noxious agent in the presence of environmental factors that aid or hinder agents of disease.

Answer 4

Disease

Question 5

The characteristic of an agent that embodies
capability of entering, surviving, and multiplying and causing disease in a susceptible host

Answer 5

Infectivity

Question 6

The ability to cause a disease

Answer 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

T/F All agents, especially biological agents, arepathogenic/can cause disease.

Answer 7

False; Some bacteria are normal microbiota or are normally part of our bodies

Question 8

The degree of pathogenicity or disease-producing ability of a microorganism

Answer 8

Virulence

Question 9

T/F The more virulent an organism
is, the more it can possibly cause a disease

Answer 9

True

Question 10

T/F The more virulent an organism
is, the more it can possibly cause a disease

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The ability or extent to which a substance is able to stimulate an immune response

Answer 11

Immunogenicity

Question 12

This refers to the capacity to produce toxin

Answer 12

Toxigenicity

Question 13

T/F There are organisms that are producing its own toxin that eventually cause the clinical
manifestation of the disease.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The ability of bacteria and other
microorganism to resist the effect of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

Answer 14

Resistance

Question 15

The ability of bacteria and other
microorganism to resist the effect of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

Answer 15

Resistance

Question 16

A period in which the infection is present in the
host without producing overt symptoms.

Answer 16

Latency

Question 17

Means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.

Answer 17

Communicable Disease

Question 18

Communicable diseases that are easily transmitted from one person to another

Answer 18

Contagious Disease

Question 19

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources.

Answer 19

Zoonotic Diseases (Ex. Bird Flu)

Question 20

The time interval between the exposure to the agent and the onset of signs and symptoms

Answer 20

Incubation Period

Question 21

Interval between the acquisition of the infectious agent by a vector and a vector’s ability to transmit the agent to another susceptible host

Answer 21

Extrinsic Incubation Period

Question 22

The time in which the infectious agent may be transferred from an infected host to a susceptible host

Answer 22

Communicable Period

Question 23

The time period between the lodgment of the agent and the period of maximum communicability of the host

Answer 23

Generation Time

Question 24

The difference between stages of the development of thedisease; whether it is inapparent or severe

Answer 24

Gradient of Infection

Question 25

This is where there are no visible signs or symptoms

Answer 25

Inapparent infection

Question 26

Infection with clinical manifestations, high case fatality, and high proportion of disease sequel

Answer 26

Severe Infection

Question 27

State wherein a host is infected but does not manifest the disease’s signs and/or symptoms

Answer 27

Carrier State

Question 28

These changes in disease trends within a year; is dependent on environmental conditions; vector density; and behavior of the host

Answer 28

Temporal Trend

Question 29

These changes in disease trends over several years; observable changes in those susceptible to the disease

Answer 29

Annual Trend

Question 30

These are gradual changes in the occurrence of disease over long periods of time; may be due to changes in incidence, age distribution, or diagnostic ascertainment

Answer 30

Secular Trend

Question 31

Diseases that occur only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 31

Sporadic Diseases

Question 32

Diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 32

Endemic Diseases

Question 33

T/F In Endemics, the disease dies out quickly

Answer 33

False; Disease never dies out completely; It is always present

Question 34

Greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually occurring within a relatively short period of time

Answer 34

Epidemic

Question 35

Occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously—sometimes worldwide (Ex. Spanish Flu, COVID-19)

Answer 35

Pandemic Diseases

Question 36

Certain number of people in the community is immunized against a specific disease which allows the population who can’t be immunized be protected from the disease

Answer 36

Herd Immunity

Question 37

Number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

Answer 37

Incidence

Question 38

Number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Answer 38

Period Prevalance

Question 39

Number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Answer 39

Point Prevalence

Question 40

This is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period per a specified population; also known as Death Rate

Answer 40

Mortality Rate

Question 41

Usually expressed as the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population (usually per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000 population)

Answer 41

Morbidity Rate

Question 42

Chain of Infection

Answer 42

1. A pathogen 2. A reservoir of pathogen 3. A portal of exit 4. A mode of transmission 5. A portal of entry 6. A susceptible host

Question 43

Any site where the pathogen can multiply or merely survive until it is transferred to a host

Answer 43

Reservoir

Question 44

Most important reservoirs of human infectious diseases

Answer 44

Humans/ Human Reservoirs

Question 45

A person who is colonized with a particular pathogen but the pathogen is not currently causing disease to that person

Answer 45

Carrier

Question 46

They carry the pathogen without having the disease

Answer 46

Passive Carriers

Question 47

They are capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease

Answer 47

Incubatory Carriers

Question 48

Harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from infectious disease. Pathogen still sheds from patients’ body fluids

Answer 48

Convalascent Carriers

Question 49

Have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely. Pathogen can still be transmitted

Answer 49

Active Carriers

Question 50

The carrier of salmonella typhi and caused outbreaks of typhoid fever in the area where she prepares food

Answer 50

Mary Mallon

Question 51

T/F Salmonella can be transmitted through ingestion

Answer 51

True

Question 52

They are important reservoirs of zoonoses

Answer 52

Animals

Question 53

Zoonoses is acquired by:

Answer 53

– direct contact with the animal – Inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen – Injection of the pathogen by an arthropod vector

Question 54

Can arthropods be vectors?

Answer 54

Arthropods are involved in the transmission of infectious diseases

Question 55

This reservoir contaminated by dust and respiratory secretions

Answer 55

Air

Question 56

This reservoir can carry spores of bacteria and dried bits of human and animal excretions

Answer 56

Dust

Question 57

This reservoir can be contaminated by careless handling

Answer 57

Food and Milk

Question 58

This reservoir can be contaminated with human and animal fecal matter

Answer 58

Water

Question 59

These are inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens

Answer 59

Fomites

Question 60

Mode of transmission that involves the transfer of pathogen via infectious droplets

Answer 60

Droplet

Question 61

Contact

Answer 61

Direct or Indirect

Question 62

Mode of transmission that involves the dispersal of droplet nuclei (smaller than 5um)

Answer 62

Airborne

Question 63

Mode of transmission which can be contaminated inanimate objects

Answer 63

Vehicular

Question 64

Mode of transmission that involves various types of biting insects and arachnids

Answer 64

Vector transmission

Question 65

Transmission of infection that can be prevented by frequent handwashing

Answer 65

Direct skin - to - skin contact

Question 66

This can be transmitted by kissing or sexual intercourse; Most STDs are transmitted by this manner

Answer 66

Direct mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane contact

Question 67

Ongoing operations or programs aimed at reducing the incidence or prevalence of that disease

Answer 67

Control of an infectious disease

Question 68

Reduction of case transmission to a predetermined very low level

Answer 68

Elimination of an infectious disease

Question 69

Achieving a status where no further cases of that disease occur anywhere and where continued control measures are unnecessary

Answer 69

Eradication of an infectious disease