Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards
The study of the distribution of the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
Epidemiology
Seasonal variation of a disease
Hippocrates
Natural epidemiologic experiment for cholera
John Snow
First Case-Control Study
Doll & Hill
First Cohort Study
Dawber et.al
Risk factors are present, disease has not yet developed
Susceptibility
No signs nor symptoms, but pathologic changes are already occuring in the host
Subclinical disease
Signs and symptoms have already developed
Clinical disease
Prevent emergence of risk factors; tackles the stage of susceptibility
Primordial
Control exposure to risk factors; stage of susceptibility
Primary
Early detection and monitoring; level of prevention of subclinical diseases
Secondary
Reduce or eliminate impairments and disabilities; stage of clinical disease and recovery, disability, or death
Tertiary
This is the study of the three epidemiologic variables (person, place, time); formulates hypotheses
Descriptive Studies
Examples of Descriptive Studies
Case Study, Ecological Study, Prevalence Study
This tests the hypotheses, determine association between the exposure and outcome
Analytical Studies
This study has no manipulation of the exposure variable
Observational
Example of Observational Studies
Cross Sectional, Case Control, Cohort
This study has manipulation of the exposure variable
Experimental Studies
This is the elimination of specific disease by one or more measures of proven efficiency
Prevention
These are approaches and activities aimed at reducing likelihood of disease affecting individual
Prevention
Prevention specifically aims to
Prevent occuremce, Arrest progress, Reduce Consequences
Prevention can be directed at the
Agent when it is its reservoir, Agent when it is in transit to the new host, At the susceptible population
What do we do when the disease was not eliminated
Reduce Communicability
The separation for the period of communicability of the case
Isolation
Limitation of movement of people who do not have the disease but are exposed to the agent for not longer than the agen’t maximum incubation period
Quarantine
What are the two types of strategies if the agent is at the susceptible population?
Specific and Non-Specific Strategies
These are the examples of specific strategies
Chemoprophylaxis, Immunization
These are the examples of non-specific strategies
Health promotion and education strategies, Proper nutrition, and target the behaviours of the individuals
This immunity is present at the time of birth or has developed during maturation
Non-specific resistance
This immunity is acquired due to exposure to a foreign substance
Specific substance
This is a type of specific immunity in which the antigen is introduced and the body makes antibodies to defend against the infection
Active Immunity
This immunity is acquired through the natural history of disease processes
Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity
This immunity is where the antigen is deliberately introduced (ex. live, attenuated virus particles as vaccines in MMR, BCG)
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
This is a type of specific immunity in which the antibodies for the infection are the ones that are introduced
Passive Immunity
This immunity is acquired by the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby, either through the placenta or through the mother’s breast milk
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
This immunity is through the injection of immune sera as vaccines (ex. anti-tetanus antibodies, diphtheria antitoxin)
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
