Introduction to Epidemiology

Question 1

The study of the distribution of the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Answer 1

Epidemiology

Question 2

Seasonal variation of a disease

Answer 2

Hippocrates

Question 3

Natural epidemiologic experiment for cholera

Answer 3

John Snow

Question 4

First Case-Control Study

Answer 4

Doll & Hill

Question 5

First Cohort Study

Answer 5

Dawber et.al

Question 6

Risk factors are present, disease has not yet developed

Answer 6

Susceptibility

Question 7

No signs nor symptoms, but pathologic changes are already occuring in the host

Answer 7

Subclinical disease

Question 8

Signs and symptoms have already developed

Answer 8

Clinical disease

Question 9

Prevent emergence of risk factors; tackles the stage of susceptibility

Answer 9

Primordial

Question 10

Control exposure to risk factors; stage of susceptibility

Answer 10

Primary

Question 11

Early detection and monitoring; level of prevention of subclinical diseases

Answer 11

Secondary

Question 12

Reduce or eliminate impairments and disabilities; stage of clinical disease and recovery, disability, or death

Answer 12

Tertiary

Question 13

This is the study of the three epidemiologic variables (person, place, time); formulates hypotheses

Answer 13

Descriptive Studies

Question 14

Examples of Descriptive Studies

Answer 14

Case Study, Ecological Study, Prevalence Study

Question 15

This tests the hypotheses, determine association between the exposure and outcome

Answer 15

Analytical Studies

Question 16

This study has no manipulation of the exposure variable

Answer 16

Observational

Question 17

Example of Observational Studies

Answer 17

Cross Sectional, Case Control, Cohort

Question 18

This study has manipulation of the exposure variable

Answer 18

Experimental Studies

Question 19

This is the elimination of specific disease by one or more measures of proven efficiency

Answer 19

Prevention

Question 20

These are approaches and activities aimed at reducing likelihood of disease affecting individual

Answer 20

Prevention

Question 21

Prevention specifically aims to

Answer 21

Prevent occuremce, Arrest progress, Reduce Consequences

Question 22

Prevention can be directed at the

Answer 22

Agent when it is its reservoir, Agent when it is in transit to the new host, At the susceptible population

Question 23

What do we do when the disease was not eliminated

Answer 23

Reduce Communicability

Question 24

The separation for the period of communicability of the case

Answer 24

Isolation

Question 25

Limitation of movement of people who do not have the disease but are exposed to the agent for not longer than the agen't maximum incubation period

Answer 25

Quarantine

Question 26

What are the two types of strategies if the agent is at the susceptible population?

Answer 26

Specific and Non-Specific Strategies

Question 27

These are the examples of specific strategies

Answer 27

Chemoprophylaxis, Immunization

Question 28

These are the examples of non-specific strategies

Answer 28

Health promotion and education strategies, Proper nutrition, and target the behaviours of the individuals

Question 29

This immunity is present at the time of birth or has developed during maturation

Answer 29

Non-specific resistance

Question 30

This immunity is acquired due to exposure to a foreign substance

Answer 30

Specific substance

Question 31

This is a type of specific immunity in which the antigen is introduced and the body makes antibodies to defend against the infection

Answer 31

Active Immunity

Question 32

This immunity is acquired through the natural history of disease processes

Answer 32

Naturally-Acquired Active Immunity

Question 33

This immunity is where the antigen is deliberately introduced (ex. live, attenuated virus particles as vaccines in MMR, BCG)

Answer 33

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Question 34

This is a type of specific immunity in which the antibodies for the infection are the ones that are introduced

Answer 34

Passive Immunity

Question 35

This immunity is acquired by the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby, either through the placenta or through the mother's breast milk

Answer 35

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Question 36

This immunity is through the injection of immune sera as vaccines (ex. anti-tetanus antibodies, diphtheria antitoxin)

Answer 36

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity