Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
antigen
anything that generates an immune response - particle - cell proteins/ surface features - entire cell can be an antigen
the immune system can be classified as ___ to ___ immunity, which can be further discriminated between ___ and __ immunity.
the immune system can be classified as innate to adaptive immunity, which can be further discriminated between humeral and cellular immunity.
The innate immune system is: (5 Is)
instant, immediate, initial response, induces adaptive response, integrates with adaptive
the adaptive immune system is (5A’s)
acquired, await days, accurate, auto regulated, autoimmunity
example of innate immunity barriers
Head and neck: skin, tears, lysosomes Lower respiratoryL turbinates, hairs, coughing, sneezing, cilia, mucus genito-urinary: mucus, pH, normal flora, zinc/spermine , prostatic fluid, length of penis bone/joint: skin GI: epiglottis, vomiting, mucus, natural flora, bile, pancreatic enzymes
innate immunity can be further broken down into ___ factor (PLASMA), ___ factors, and ____ ____ receptors.
soluble factors, cellular factors, and pattern recognition receptors.
example of cellular factors of the innate immune system
phagocytes: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils/macrophage Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells (gathers information and later shares it with central command via antigen uptake).
what is opsonization
flagged for digestion by complement system and signals phagocytosis.
NETS
neutrophil extracellular traps
natural killer cell is a type of ____ in the ___ immune system. what is its role?
NK cell is a type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system. Protects against viral and bacterial infections, also acts as a SURVEILLANCE cell that screens for malignant cells. kills the cell on site.
How does a Natural killer cell kill the pathogen?
- nk cell releases performs, which polymerize and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane - granzymes from NK cell enter the perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes - enemy cell dies by apoptosis - macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell
example of soluble factors of the innate immune system
complement system: these soluble complements circulate in the plasma and can be activated as part of the innate system OR as part of the adaptive immune system.
3 pathways of innate soluble factor complement system activation
- classical via antibody 2. mannan-binding lectin 3. alternative bacterium activation all three pathways release pro-inflammatory molecules and causes cell lysis. Then phagocytes eat it
what are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system
their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation 2 kinds: - secreted/ circulating proteins and peptides - signal transducing receptors.
examples of PRRs of the innate immune system
- antimicrobial peptides - collectins - lectin - pentraxin
Prrs can be located:
in the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, free in cytoplasm
Function of PRRs (innate immune system)
their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation generally: - recognize PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) - stimulate cytokine release - activate immune cells via activation of signalling pathways leading to transcription of genes involved in the immune response - facilitate killing of bacteria/fungi (via opsonization) - help clear viruses.
T/f innate immunity has memory
false. only the adaptive immune system is specific, has memory, but is slow
the adaptive immune system can be split into the ____ and ____ immune system. What are the overall components of the adaptive immune system
split into the humeral or cellular immune system - includes lymphocytes, production facility bone marrow, thymus (T lymphocytes), lymph nodes, lymphatic system, spleen.
which type of lymphocytes are seen in the adaptive immune system
B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells (all come from common lymphoid progenitor)
where are B and T cells stored
in the white pulp of the spleen
what’re the functions of the T cell and marginal zones of the white pulp in spleen
T cell zone: hang out for B and T cells. B and T cells encounter antigens in the white pulp and promote immuniglobulin release marginal zone: phagocytosis of buds and immune complexes by macrophages - site of B cell lymphocyte maturation - immunoglobulin release.
what’re the functions of the red pulp of the spleen
- macrophages remove old and damaged RBC - removes foreign material -extramedullary hematopoieses - storage site for iron, RBCs, PLATELETS*, plasma cells (B cells) - defines against bacteria using iron metabolism of macrophages.
Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via ____ or the ___. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain ____, the primary ones function as: the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.
Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via LYMPHATICS or the BLOOD. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain FOLLICLES, the primary ones function as: at rest, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. After stimulation of a local immune response, they become Secondary Follicles. the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.
