Introduction to Immunology

Question 1

antigen

Answer 1

anything that generates an immune response - particle - cell proteins/ surface features - entire cell can be an antigen

Question 2

the immune system can be classified as ___ to ___ immunity, which can be further discriminated between ___ and __ immunity.

Answer 2

the immune system can be classified as innate to adaptive immunity, which can be further discriminated between humeral and cellular immunity.

Question 3

The innate immune system is: (5 Is)

Answer 3

instant, immediate, initial response, induces adaptive response, integrates with adaptive

Question 4

the adaptive immune system is (5A’s)

Answer 4

acquired, await days, accurate, auto regulated, autoimmunity

Question 5

example of innate immunity barriers

Answer 5

Head and neck: skin, tears, lysosomes Lower respiratoryL turbinates, hairs, coughing, sneezing, cilia, mucus genito-urinary: mucus, pH, normal flora, zinc/spermine , prostatic fluid, length of penis bone/joint: skin GI: epiglottis, vomiting, mucus, natural flora, bile, pancreatic enzymes

Question 6

innate immunity can be further broken down into ___ factor (PLASMA), ___ factors, and ____ ____ receptors.

Answer 6

soluble factors, cellular factors, and pattern recognition receptors.

Question 7

example of cellular factors of the innate immune system

Answer 7

phagocytes: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils/macrophage Natural Killer cells and dendritic cells (gathers information and later shares it with central command via antigen uptake).

Question 8

what is opsonization

Answer 8

flagged for digestion by complement system and signals phagocytosis.

Question 9

NETS

Answer 9

neutrophil extracellular traps

Question 10

natural killer cell is a type of ____ in the ___ immune system. what is its role?

Answer 10

NK cell is a type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system. Protects against viral and bacterial infections, also acts as a SURVEILLANCE cell that screens for malignant cells. kills the cell on site.

Question 11

How does a Natural killer cell kill the pathogen?

Answer 11

• nk cell releases performs, which polymerize and form a hole in the enemy cell membrane - granzymes from NK cell enter the perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes - enemy cell dies by apoptosis - macrophage engulfs and digests dying cell

Question 12

example of soluble factors of the innate immune system

Answer 12

complement system: these soluble complements circulate in the plasma and can be activated as part of the innate system OR as part of the adaptive immune system.

Question 13

3 pathways of innate soluble factor complement system activation

Answer 13

1. classical via antibody 2. mannan-binding lectin 3. alternative bacterium activation all three pathways release pro-inflammatory molecules and causes cell lysis. Then phagocytes eat it

Question 14

what are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system

Answer 14

their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation 2 kinds: - secreted/ circulating proteins and peptides - signal transducing receptors.

Question 15

examples of PRRs of the innate immune system

Answer 15

• antimicrobial peptides - collectins - lectin - pentraxin

Question 16

Prrs can be located:

Answer 16

in the cell membrane, nuclear membrane, free in cytoplasm

Question 17

Function of PRRs (innate immune system)

Answer 17

their role is to recognize and interact with components specific to microbes, they can also promote opsonization and complement activation generally: - recognize PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS) - stimulate cytokine release - activate immune cells via activation of signalling pathways leading to transcription of genes involved in the immune response - facilitate killing of bacteria/fungi (via opsonization) - help clear viruses.

Question 18

T/f innate immunity has memory

Answer 18

false. only the adaptive immune system is specific, has memory, but is slow

Question 19

the adaptive immune system can be split into the ____ and ____ immune system. What are the overall components of the adaptive immune system

Answer 19

split into the humeral or cellular immune system - includes lymphocytes, production facility bone marrow, thymus (T lymphocytes), lymph nodes, lymphatic system, spleen.

Question 20

which type of lymphocytes are seen in the adaptive immune system

Answer 20

B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells (all come from common lymphoid progenitor)

Question 21

where are B and T cells stored

Answer 21

in the white pulp of the spleen

Question 22

what’re the functions of the T cell and marginal zones of the white pulp in spleen

Answer 22

T cell zone: hang out for B and T cells. B and T cells encounter antigens in the white pulp and promote immuniglobulin release marginal zone: phagocytosis of buds and immune complexes by macrophages - site of B cell lymphocyte maturation - immunoglobulin release.

Question 23

what’re the functions of the red pulp of the spleen

Answer 23

• macrophages remove old and damaged RBC - removes foreign material -extramedullary hematopoieses - storage site for iron, RBCs, PLATELETS*, plasma cells (B cells) - defines against bacteria using iron metabolism of macrophages.

Question 24

Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via ____ or the ___. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain ____, the primary ones function as: the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.

Answer 24

Lymph nodes: Lymphocytes enter via LYMPHATICS or the BLOOD. The cortex of the lymph nodes contain FOLLICLES, the primary ones function as: at rest, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells. After stimulation of a local immune response, they become Secondary Follicles. the ___ centre enlarges as B cell proliferate and differentiate.

Question 25

The basic adaptive immune response

Answer 25

1. recognition: native B and T cells see antigens 2. activation: they divide (proliferate) and become active cells 3. elimination of antigens 4. Immune regulation: response dies down (and most of the activated lymphocytes die) when the threat is eliminated) 5. memory (B and T) cells remain

Question 26

B lymphocytes are produced in ____ ____. The live in ____ ____, _____, ____. What do they do?

Answer 26

produced in bone marrow, but lives in lymph nodes, MALT, spleen germinal centres. they cruise around in the blood. they produce antibodies against target antigens. (sometimes they get the antigen from the helper T cell). they then present antigen to T lymphocyte and activate them.

Question 27

B cells are aka

Answer 27

plasma cells

Question 28

plasma B cells vs memory B cells

Answer 28

plasma B cells: produce antibodies with a single light and heavy chain type (they make the soluble gig, IgA, ism, age) memory B cells: long lived, remember antigen. When they see that Ag again, they proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. FAST

Question 29

where are T cells produced? Where do they mature? What kinds of T cells are there? Where do they get located afterwards?

Answer 29

T cells produced in bone marrow. They mature in the thymus where they get their receptor– they are still naive in that they haven’t seen their antigen yet - they get stored in the lymph nodes 2 kinds: CD4+ (helper) and CD8+ (cytotoxic)

Question 30

role of CD4+ T cells

Answer 30

macrophage engulfs and degrades bacterium, producing peptides

• bacterial peptides bound by MHC class II in vesicles
• bound peptides transported by MHC class II to the cell surface
• helper T cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activates macrophage.

Question 31

role of CD8+ t cells

Answer 31

virus infects cells

• viral proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
• peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER
• bound peptides transported by MHC class I to the cell surface
• Cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell.

Question 32

how does the innate and adaptive immunity work together in humans

Answer 32

• in the absence of the INNATE immunity, infections cannot be controlled, Need innate immunity to initiate adaptive immunity
• in the absence of adaptive immunity, infection are first controlled by innate immunity but cannot be cleared
• in normal individuals, infections are cleared by the innate and adaptive immune responses.