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Immunology & Serology > Introduction To Immunity (Aytona) > Flashcards

Introduction To Immunity (Aytona) Flashcards

1
Q

This practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as

A

variolation

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2
Q

method of scratching the skin and applying pulverized powder from a smallpox scab

A

Variolation (inoculation)

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3
Q

fresh material taken from a skin lesion of a person recovering from smallpox was
subcutaneously injected with a lancet in to the arm or leg of a nonimmune person

A

Variolation

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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccine was discovered by

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

involves the use of bacteria or viruses that have been weakened through exposure to modifying conditions such as chemical treatment, hot or cold temperatures, aging, or repeated in vitro passage in cell culture.

A

Attenuation

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6
Q

is an antigen suspension derived from a pathogen. These are routinely administered to healthy individuals to stimulate an immune response to an infectious disease.

A

vaccine

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7
Q

Vaccination therefore is a form of ______ or the prevention of disease through immunization.

A

immunoprophylaxis

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8
Q

Vaccinia pertains to

A

cowpox

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9
Q

Variola major pertains to

A

Smallpox

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10
Q

Variola minor pertains to

A

Alastrim

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11
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Live pathogens that have been weakened by growth under modified culture conditions

A

Attenuated

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12
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Killed microorganisms

A

Inactivated

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13
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Bacterial toxins that have been chemically inactivated so that they are not pathogenic

A

Toxoids

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14
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Biochemically purified components of
a microorganism

A

Purified components

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15
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Biochemically purified polysaccharide from bacterial capsule

A

Polysaccharides

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16
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Protein produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other cells

A

Recombinant antigen

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17
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL VACCINES

Protein produced by genetically modified nonpathogenic bacteria, yeast, or other cells

A

Recombinant antigen

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18
Q

Induce both humoral and cell- mediated immunity

A

Attenuated

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19
Q

Can safely be given to immunocompromised individuals

A

Inactivated

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20
Q

Induces an immune response to the Pathogenic component(s) of a microorganism

A

Toxoids

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21
Q

Safer than administration of an intact organism

A

Toxoids

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22
Q

Similar with toxoids.

Produces fewer side effects than whole bacteria

A

Purified components

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23
Q

Same with toxoids

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

Highly purified protein that is safer
than administration of intact organism

A

Recombinant antigen

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25
Q

Examples

BCG, TYPHOID FEVER, ORAL POLIO, MEASLES, MUMPS, GERMAN MEASLES, CHICKEN POX, ROTAVIRUS, YELLOW FEVER

A

Attenuated

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26
Q

Examples

Intramascularpolio(salk), Hepatitis A,
Influenza (Intramuscularor intradermal), rabies

A

Inactivated

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27
Q

Examples

Diphtheria
Tetanus

A

Toxoids

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28
Q

Examples

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Purified components

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29
Q

Examples

Streptococcal pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenza type b
Neisserial meningitis

A

Polysaccharides

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30
Q

Examples

Hepatitis B
Human papilloma virus (cervical, anal, genital cancers)

A

Recombinant antigen

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31
Q

factors that affect the quality of the immune response to a vaccine antigen

A

age of the recipient
individual’s immune status
nature of the vaccine

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32
Q

discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.

A

Edward Jenner

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33
Q

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as

A

cross-immunity

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34
Q

Present at birth

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

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35
Q

Not present at birth

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

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36
Q

Standardized response for all Antigen

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

37
Q

Diverse response for each antigen

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

38
Q

Lacks memory

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

39
Q

Capable of recalling previous antigen thus with memory

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

40
Q

Responsible for the first and second line of defense in the body

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

41
Q

Responsible for the Third line of defense in the body

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

42
Q

Pathogen recognized by receptors encoded in the germline

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

43
Q

Pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

44
Q

Receptors have broad specificity

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

45
Q

Receptors have very narrow specificity; i.e., recognize a specific epitope

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

46
Q

Immediate response

A

NATURAL/INNATE IMMUNITY

47
Q

Slow (3-5days) response

A

ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

48
Q

Little or no memory of prior antigenic exposure

A

Innate immunity

49
Q

Memory of prior antigenic exposure

A

Adaptive immunity

50
Q

CELLULAR COMPONENT of Second Line of Defense

A

Mast cells, Basophils, Eosinophil, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Dendritic cell, and NK cells

51
Q

HUMORAL COMPONENT of Second Line of Defense

A

Complement, Lysozyme, Interferon alpha and beta

52
Q

CELLULAR COMPONENT of Third Line of Defense

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma cells

53
Q

HUMORAL COMPONENT of Third Line of Defense

A

Antibodies, and cytokines

54
Q

They are produced primarily by hepatocytes (liver parenchymal cells) within 12 to 24 hours in response to an increase in certain intercellular signaling polypeptides called cytokines (e.g IL-6, IL1, and TNF-alpha)

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

55
Q

They are indicator of inflammation

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

56
Q

Opsonization, complement activation

57
Q

Removal of cholesterol

A

Serum amyloid A

58
Q

Protease inhibitor

A

Alpha1- antitrypsin

59
Q

Clot formation

A

Fibrinogen

60
Q

Binds hemoglobin

A

Haptoglobin

61
Q

Binds copper, oxidizes iron

A

Ceruloplasmin

62
Q

Opsonization, lysis

63
Q

Complement activation

A

Mannose-binding protein

64
Q

a trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysacharide of the pneumococci

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

65
Q

Elevated levels of CRP are found in conditions such as

A

bacterial infections, rheumatic fever, viral infections, malignant diseases, tuberculosis and after a heart attack

66
Q

acts somewhat like an antibody because it is capable of opsonization (the coating of foreign particles), agglutination, precipitation, and activation of complement by the classical pathway

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

67
Q

Main substrate of CRP, a common constituent of microbial membranes. It also binds to small ribonuclear proteins; phospholipids; peptidoglycan; and other constituents of bacteria, fungi, and parasites

A

phosphocholine

68
Q

binds to specific receptors found on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which promotes phagocytosi

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

69
Q

the most widely monitored of the acute-phase reactants and is the best indicator of acute inflammation

A

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

70
Q

significant risk factor for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

71
Q

Test for CRP

A

Reverse passive agglutination, Precipitation, RIA, Complement fixation

72
Q

Serum half-life of CRP

73
Q

CDC criteria for CRP value associated with Heart disease

A

Low risk: <1mg/dl
Average risk: 1 to 3 mg/dl
High risk: >3mg/dl

74
Q

It is associated with HDL cholesterol, and it is thought to play a role in metabolism of cholesterol (removing cholesterol filled macrophages at the site of tissue injury)

A

SERUM AMYLOID A

75
Q

appears to act as a chemical messenger, similar to a cytokine, and it activates monocytes and macrophages to then produce products that increase inflammation

A

SERUM AMYLOID A

76
Q

It has been found to increase significantly more in bacterial infections than in viral infections

A

SERUM AMYLOID A

77
Q

can also be increased because of chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cancer

A

SERUM AMYLOID A

78
Q

It is thought to contribute to localized inflammation in coronary artery disease

A

SERUM AMYLOID A

79
Q

A trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium-dependent.

A

MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN

80
Q

It is widely distributed on mucosal surfaces throughout the body. It has many similarities to the complement component C1q, as binding activates the complement cascade and helps to promote phagocytosis

A

MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN

81
Q

Lack of MBP has been associated with

A

recurrent yeast infections

82
Q

A general plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase.

A

ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN

83
Q

It also regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, Interleukin-1, and IL-6

A

ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN

84
Q

Deficiency of ALPHA1- ANTITRYPSIN can lead to

A

emphysema and juvenile cirrhosis

85
Q

It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma

A

CERULOPLASMIN

86
Q

It acts as a ferroxidase, oxidizing iron from Fe2+ to Fe3+. This may serve as a means of releasing iron from ferritin for binding to transferrin.

A

CERULOPLASMIN

87
Q

A depletion of ceruloplasmin is found in

A

Wilson’s disease

88
Q

It binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

89
Q

Acts as an antioxidant to provide protection against oxidative damage mediated by free hemoglobin

A

HAPTOGLOBIN

Immunology & Serology (13 decks)

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