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Immunology & Serology > IMMUNOSERO // STEVENS CHAP 1: INTRO TO IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNOSERO // STEVENS CHAP 1: INTRO TO IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Roots in the study of immunity

A

Immunology

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3
Q

the condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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4
Q

Foreign substances that induce a host response

A

Antigens

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5
Q

All around in nature from pollen to serious bacterial pathogens

A

Antigens

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6
Q

serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to Ag and react specifically

A

Antibodies

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7
Q

The individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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8
Q

Considered nonadaptive or nonspecific; the same for all pathogens or substances to which one is exposed

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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9
Q

NO prior exposure is required

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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10
Q

Lacks memory and specificity

A

Innate Immunity/Natural Immunity

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11
Q

Characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen and the ability to remember a prior exposure

A

Adaptive Immunity

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12
Q

result in an increased response to that pathogen upon repeated exposure

A

Memory and specificity

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13
Q

play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity

A

LEUKOCYTES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD

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14
Q

All blood cells: arise from a type of cell called a

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

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15
Q

To form WBCs: the HSC gives rise to 2 distinct types of precursor cells:

A

common myeloid precursors
common lymphoid precursors

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16
Q

WBCs that participate in phagocytosis (myeloid line)

A

common myeloid precursors

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17
Q

lymphocytes; form the basis of the adaptive immune response

A

common lymphoid precursors

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18
Q

has 2 to 5 lobes

A

NEUTROPHILS

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19
Q

Contain a large number of when stained with Wright stain

A

NEUTROPHILS

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20
Q

Main function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

Contain antimicrobial products such as: myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G,
and defensins, which are small proteins that have antibacterial activity

A

Azurophilic/Primary Granules

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22
Q

Contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory burst components

A

Specific/Secondary Granules

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23
Q

Half of total NEUT pop. in peripheral blood: found in a ________ adhering to blood vessel walls

A

marginating pool

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24
Q

Occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood toàtissues through a process known as diapedesis, or movement through blood vessel walls; Attracted to a specific area by chemotactic factors

A

Margination

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25
Q

Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

A

Chemotaxins

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26
Q

Approx. 1% to 3% of circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person; 12 to 15 um

A

EOSINOPHILS

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27
Q

Nucleus: usually bilobed/ellipsoidal and is often eccentrically located

A

EOSINOPHILS

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28
Q

Increases in: allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

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29
Q

Take up the acid eosin dye and the cytoplasm is filled with large orange to reddish-orange granules

A

Eosinophils

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30
Q

Able to neutralize basophil and mast cell products

A

Eosinophil

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31
Q

Most important role: regulation of the immune response, including regulation of mast cell function

A

Eosinophil

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32
Q

damage cell membranes and kill larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized

A

Cationic proteins

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33
Q

The least numerous of WBCs; less than 1%; Smallest of the granulocytes; slightly larger than RBCs

A

BASOPHILS

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34
Q

Contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus

A

BASOPHILS

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35
Q

Regulate some T helper cell responses

A

BASOPHILS

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36
Q

Stimulate B cells to produce the antibody IgE

37
Q

Life span: short life span of in the bloodstream; they are then pulled out and destroyed by macrophages in the spleen.

38
Q

Contains histamine, cytokines, growth factors, and a small amount of heparin

A

Granules in Baso

39
Q

All of which have an important function in inducing and maintaining allergic reactions

40
Q

contracts smooth muscle

41
Q

Largest cells in p. blood; 12 to 22 um (ave of 18um)

42
Q

Distinguishing feature: irregularly folded or horseshoe-shaped nucleus that occupies almost one half of cell

43
Q

Abundant cytoplasm stains dull grayish blue and has ground-glass appearance bc of fine dustlike granules

44
Q

Make up 4% to 10% of total circulating WBCs.

45
Q

They do not remain in the circulation for long. They stay in peripheral blood for up to 30hrs; they then migrate to the tissues and become known as macrophages.

46
Q

Macrophages in the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

47
Q

Macrophages in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

48
Q

Macrophages in the brain

A

Microglial cells

49
Q

Macrophages in the bone

A

Osteoclasts

50
Q

Macrophages in connective tissue

A

Histiocytes

51
Q

Important role: in initiating and regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Macrophages

52
Q

Presenting antigens to T and B cells

A

Macrophages

53
Q

The (antigen-presenting cell) in the body & the cell

A

DENDRITIC CELLS

54
Q

Dendritic cells are discovered by

A

Steinman and Cohn in 1973

55
Q

After capturing an antigen in the tissue by phagocytosis or endocytosis, _______ present the antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the adaptive immune response in a similar way as macrophages

A

dendritic cells

56
Q

The key cell involved in adaptive immune response; 20% to 40% of circulating WBCs

A

Lymphocyte

57
Q

proteins/antigens on cell surfaces used to identify each lymphocyte subpopulation in the lab

A

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

58
Q

Found on all T cells; associated with t-cell antigen receptor

59
Q

Identifies t helper cells; also found on most T regulatory cells

60
Q

Identifies cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

Low affinity fc receptor for antibody; mediates phagocytosis

62
Q

Part of b-cell coreceptor; regulates b-cell development and activation

63
Q

Receptor for complement component C3d; part of b-cell coreceptor with CD19

64
Q

Derived from a lymphoid precursor that differentiates to become either a T cell, B cell, or NK cell depending on exposure to different cytokines

65
Q

Can be recognized by the presence of membrane-bound antibodies of two types: IgM and IgD

66
Q

Other surface proteins of B cells include:

A

CD 19, CD21, and class II MHC molecules

67
Q

Lymphocyte precursors called _______ enter the thymus from the bone marrow thru the bloodstream

A

thymocytes

68
Q

Produce cytokines that contribute to immunity by stimulating B cells to produce antibodies

69
Q

3 main subtypes of T cells

A

Helper (CD4)
Cytolytic (CD8+)
Regulatory (CD4)

70
Q

Ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells

A

2:1 in peripheral blood

71
Q

A small percentage of lymphocytes do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

72
Q

So named bc have ability to kill target cells w/o prior exposure to them

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

73
Q

DO NOT require the thymus for development but appear to mature in bone marrow itself

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

74
Q

generally larger than T cells and B cells at approx. 15um in diameter and contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli; make up 10% to 15%

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

75
Q

Nk cells are found mainly in the

A

liver, spleen, and peripheral blood

76
Q

specific combination of Ag that can be used for identification

A

CD16 & CD 56

77
Q

a receptor for nonspecific end of antibodies; bc of its presence, NK cells are able to make contact with and then lyse any cell coated with antibodies

78
Q

are also capable of recognizing any foreign cell and represent the 1st line of defense against virally infected cells and tumor cells

79
Q

Half-like of NK cells

A

7 to 10 days

80
Q

Also have the capability to develop memory to specific antigens in a similar manner to T cells.

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

81
Q

Important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and adaptive immune response against pathogens

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

82
Q

largest lymphatic vessel in the body; collects most of the body’s lymph fluid and empties it
into the left subclavian vein.

A

Thoracic duct

83
Q

majority of circulating lymphocytes; effector cells that serve a regulatory role

84
Q

gives rise to long-lived memory cells and shorter-lived effector cells that are
responsible for the generation of the immune response

A

Antigen activation

85
Q

Where lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present enter the nodes

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

86
Q

Where lymphocytes and any foreign antigens present exit the nodes

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

87
Q

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells that causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged

A

Lymphadenopathy

88
Q

Differentiate into memory cells & plasma cells; Responsible for humoral immunity or antibody formation

89
Q

Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; Produce sensitized lymphocytes that secrete cytokines

Immunology & Serology (13 decks)

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