Introduction to Hormones Flashcards
Definition of Hormone
- “a chemical substance released by a cell that affects the activity of itself (autocrine), a neighboring cell (paracrine) or a distant cell (endocrine)”.
- This definition encompasses neurotransmitters, growth factors and traditional hormones.
The direct point at which the nervous system and endocrine systems interface involves […], which are special types of neurons capable of secreting humoral secretions (hormones) in response to synaptic input (neurotransmitters).
The direct point at which the nervous system and endocrine systems interface involves ‘neuroendocrine’ cells, which are special types of neurons capable of secreting humoral secretions (hormones) in response to synaptic input (neurotransmitters).
•A comparison of the endocrine system with the nervous system suggests that a neuroendocrine event shares similarity with a paracrine event, in which neighboring cells provide input, as well as similarity with an endocrine event, in which the secretory output can be transported by the blood to a distant target organ.
The major human hormone producing glands…
- adenohypophysis
- neurohpophysis
- thyroid and parathyroid glands
- teh adrenals
- the gonads
- the pancreas
- Certain other tissues such as the placenta, the hypothalamus, parts of the kidney and gastrointestinal tract, the liver and probably the pineal, thymus, and spleen also secrete hormones of primary importance.
- Endocrine glands are responsible for hormone synthesis, storage, and secretion.
Chemical Classifications of Hormones
- amino acid derivatives
- peptides and proteins
- steroid derivatives
Amino Acid Derivatives
Peptide/Proteins
Steroid
Hydrophobic Hormones
•Group I Hormones
- thyroid hormones
- itamin D
- steroids
Hydrophilic Hormones
•Group II Hormones
- peptides and proteins
- catelcholamines
Tropic Hormones
- A tropic hormone is secreted by one endocrine gland with a primary function being the regulation of another endocrine gland.
- The secretion of the tropic hormone is generally under the regulation of the hormone from the gland it regulates.
- For example, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary to signal the formation in the adrenal cortex of cortisol.
- Excess circulating cortisol suppresses the formation and secretion of ACTH.
Non-tropic Hormones
- Non-tropic hormones are hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects.
- This differs from the tropic hormones, which act on another endocrine gland.
- Non-tropic hormones are those that act directly on targeted tissues or cells, and not on other endocrine gland to stimulate release of other hormones.
Factors Affecting Circulating Hormone Concentration
- rate of secretion from the endocrine gland
- rate of metabolism
- method of transport
- concentration at any given time
2 Major Functions of Serum Binding Proteins
1) solubilize the hormone for transport in the blood,
2) extend the life of the hormone in circulation by protecting the small molecules from enzymatic degradation in the blood stream.
- Many of these serum-binding proteins are specialized in that they will bind only certain hormones.
- Conversely, albumin binds virtually all hydrophobic hormones.
Specific Serum Binding Proteins vs. Albumin
- The affinity of the binding protein for hormone is greater for the specific serum binding proteins than for albumin.
- However, albumin is present in the plasma in far greater concentrations than the specific proteins, and therefore, has a greater capacity for binding and transporting hormones.
- The extent to which a hormone is protein bound varies from one hormone to another.
- In all cases, the total hormone pool is predominantly in the bound form; in some cases, only 1 per cent or less of the total hormone remains unbound, though there are exceptions.
- This distribution of hormone in the circulation is important because only the pool of free hormone is biologically active.
- The hormone (H) bound to the binding protein (BP) is in dynamic equilibrium with the free pool, which in turn is in equilibrium with the hormone bound to target tissues.
- Hormone that remains bound to plasma proteins cannot interact with its receptor and is biologically inactive.
•Binding proteins provide a large hormone reserve.
-The magnitude of the free hormone concentration, rather than the total concentration of hormone, is monitored and adjusted to maintain normal endocrine function.