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Hematology > Introduction to Hemostasis > Flashcards

Introduction to Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

complex physiological process that keeps circulating blood in fluit state and produces clot in injury

A

hemostasis

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2
Q

discharge of blood from blood vessels to the extravascular space by any means

A

hemorrhage

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3
Q

small pinpoint purplish red hemorrhagic spots caused by inability of capillary to withstand pressure and trauma

A

petechiae

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4
Q

the size of petechiae are approximately

A

3 mm

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5
Q

3 mechanisms in petechiea formation in dengue

A
  1. predilection to endothelial destruction
  2. low megakaryocyte production
  3. platelets coated by viral products and eliminated by RES
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6
Q

blood in LARGE but shallow area of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of supporting tissues

A

Ecchymoses

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7
Q

color change of ecchymosis

A

black
blue
greenish brown
yellow

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8
Q

change in color of ecchymoses is due to

A

hemoglobin oxidation and subsequent transport to liver by albumin

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9
Q

blood in SMALL areas of the skin but goes deep into the tissues due to absorption of trauma by supporting tissues

A

pupura

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10
Q

swelling or tumor in the tissues that contains clotted blood

A

hematoma

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11
Q

nose bleeding due to sensitive mucous membranes

A

epistaxis

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12
Q

blood in the sputum expectorated due to hemorrhage in the lungs, trachea, larynx or bronchi

A

hemoptysis

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13
Q

vomiting blood

A

hematemesis

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14
Q

usually in hemophilia patients where blood escapes to joint cavity

A

hemarthrosis

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15
Q

hormonal imblance causing excessive menstrual bleeding

A

menorrhagia

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16
Q

basic components of hemostasis

A

extravascular
vascular
intravascular

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17
Q

the tissues surrounding the blood vessel that swell to provide back pressure to trap escaped blood

A

extravascular component

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18
Q

the ability of the extravascular component to aid in hemostais depends on these three factors

A

bulk of the surrounding tissue
type of the surrounding tissue
tone of the surrounding tissue

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19
Q

a wound in the fleshy part of the thigh would not bleed as profusely as one in the scalp

A

bulk of surrounding tissue

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20
Q

skeletal muscle is wmore absorbent and effective in arresting hemorrhage than loose connective tissue

A

type of surrounding tissue

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21
Q

identical wounds in a 17 year old with greater tissue elasticity that a 71 years old

A

tone of surrounding tissue

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22
Q

involves the vessels through which blood flows

A

vascular component

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23
Q

the role.played by vessels depends on these

A

size of vessel
amount of smooth muscle tossue
integrity of endothelial cell lining

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24
Q

involves the coagulation and fibrinolytic factors (promoters and inhibitors)

A

intravascular component

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25
Q

the term easy bruisability refers to

A

individuals with extensive or repeated purpura and ecchymoses

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26
Q

color change of purpura

A

red purple (hgb deposition)
greenish yellow (biliverdin)

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27
Q

intact red cells in urine

A

hematuria

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28
Q

hemoglobin in the urine

A

hemoglobinuria

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29
Q

stool containing dark red or black blood

A

melena

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30
Q

conditions associated with excessive bleeding

A

hypocoagulable state

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31
Q

conditions or uncontrolled hemostasis

A

hypercoagulable states

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32
Q

basic sequence of events in primary and secondary hemostasis after vessel injury

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet adhesion
  3. platelet aggregation
  4. fibrin- platelet plug formation
  5. fibrin stabilization
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33
Q

controlled by vessel smooth muscle, enhanced by chemicals secreted by platelets

A

vasoconstriction

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34
Q

adhesion to exposed subendothelial connective tissue

A

platelet adhesion

35
Q

adhesion amd interaction of platelets to one another to form initial plug

A

platelet aggregation

36
Q

coagulation factors interact with each other on the surface of the platelte to produce fibrin

A

fibrin platelet plug formation

37
Q

mediated by factor XIII

A

fibrin stabilization

38
Q

parts of a capillary

A

endothelial cell layer
basement membrane
pericytes
junctions or slits

39
Q

tunica intima or interna components

A

endothelium
subendothelium composed of
- basement membrane
- elastic connective tissue
- collagen

40
Q

tunica media components

A

smooth muscle cells
connective tissue
collagen fibers
fibroblast

41
Q

tunica externa or adventitia layers

A

connective tissue fibroblast
collagen fibers

42
Q

intimate contact with blood

A

tunica intima

43
Q

mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

tunica media

44
Q

thicker wall

A

arteries

45
Q

thinner wall

A

vein

46
Q

larger lumen

A

vein

47
Q

smaller lumen

A

arteries

48
Q

increased pressure

A

arteries

49
Q

have valves in their tunica intima

A

veins

50
Q

Significant in keeping the blood in liquid state

A

intact endothelium

51
Q

anti thrmobotic mechanisms of the intact blood

A
  1. devoid of thrombogenic substances
  2. coagulation proteins are inactive
  3. brisk flow of blood
  4. synthesis of 13 HODE
52
Q

2 substances that stimulate clot formation

A

collagen
tissue factor

53
Q

collagen is involved in ____ by activation of factor ___

A

intrinsic pathway; XII

54
Q

tissue factor is involved in ___ by activation of factor __

A

extrinsic pathway; VII

55
Q

normally found beneath the submembrane

A

collagen

56
Q

synthesized by all cells except the endothelial cells

A

tissue factor

57
Q

even if endothelial linong sloughs off, clotitng does not progress due to this

A

brisk flow of blood

58
Q

natural barrier that prevents platelet attachment to the endothelium

A

13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

59
Q

events of primary hemostasis

A
  1. injured endothelium
  2. platelet involvement
  3. platelet plug production
60
Q

events of secondary hemostasis

A
  1. coagulation factors
  2. stable platelet-fibrin clot
  3. fibrinolysis
61
Q

4 physiological response to vessel injury

A

vasoconstriction
platelet activation
coagulation
fibrinolysis

62
Q

2 biochemicals promoting vasoconstriction

A
  1. serotonin (from dense granules)
  2. thrmboxane A2 precursor
63
Q

facilitates platelet adhesion

A

gp Ib/IX and vWF

64
Q

facilitates platelet aggregation

A

gp IIb /IIIa and ADP

65
Q

substances released from or found on the surface of intact endothelial cells

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)
adenosine
thrombomodulin
heparan sulfate
tissue plasminogen activator
von Willebrand factor

66
Q

hemostatic role: prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

anticoagulant
reduces blood flow rate

67
Q

hemostatic role: adenosine

A

reduces blood flow rate

68
Q

hemostatic role: thrombomodulin

A

anticoagulant
fibrinolytic

69
Q

hemostatic role: heparan sulfate

A

anticoagulant

70
Q

hemostatic role: tissue plasminogen activator

A

fibrinolytic

71
Q

hemostatic role: ADPase

A

anticoagulant

72
Q

hemostatic role: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

A

antifibrinolytic

73
Q

hemostatic role: von willebrand factor

A

coagulation
platelet adhesion

74
Q

inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation
stimulates vasodilation

A

prostacyclin (PGI2)

75
Q

stimulates vasodilation

A

adenosine

76
Q

destroys ADP and limits platelet activation

A

ADPase

77
Q

endothelial cell receptor for thrombin, binding and inactivating ienhances fibrinolytic action of protein C in plasma

A

thrombomodulin

78
Q

coats endothelial cell surface
enhances activity of anti thrombin III

A

heparan sulfate

79
Q

converts plasminogen to plasmin

A

tissue plasminogen activator

80
Q

regulatory protein for fibrinolytic system

A

plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

81
Q

produced in endothelium and stored in endothelium

A

vWF

82
Q

vWF is stored in the form of

A

Weibel Palade bodies

83
Q

vWF attaches to

A

factor VIII: C

Hematology (8 decks)

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