Introduction to Hematology Flashcards
He discovered worms in the blood
Athanasius Kircher (1657)
Scientific study of blood
Hematology
He gave account to RBC
Anton Van Leuwenhook (1674)
Describe platelets as Petite Plagues
Giulio Bizzozero (late 1800’s)
Development of wright strain
James Homer Wright(1902)
Circulatory fluid of the cardiovascular system
Blood
A pale, straw with colored fluid that remains if coagulations is prevented
Plasma
Fluid part that remains after separation of the clots
Serum
Functions of blood:
Buffering action Body temp Transport of hormones Respiratory Excretory Nutritional Defense
Specific gravity of blood
1.055 to 1.065
pH value of blood
7.35 - 7.45
Ave. clotting time of blood
10-15 mins
Ave. clotting time blood in a glass tube
60 mins
Ave. clotting time of blood in a gel tube
30 mins
These values increases in posture
Lipid, enzymes and proteins
Daily body fluids functions that occur
Diurnal rhythm
These values increases in the afternoon in the diurnal rhythm.
Iron and eosinophil
Values that decreased in the afternoon in the diurnal rhythm
Cortisol and ACTH
Stress an anxiety can cause a temporary increase in??
WBC
Exercise elevates what?
Creatine kinase, creatinine, lactose dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and protein. Coagulation and fibrinoloysis
According to research exercise can increase.
Platelet and wbc
Diet tests for
Glucose, sodium and cbc
Smoking can increase?
WBC, cortisol as well as hemoglobin
Also known as skin puncture
Capillary puncture or microsampling
Uses of skin puncture
In newborns and infants less than 6 mons to 2 yrs old
Adult with poor veins
Young children if only small amount of blood is needed
Procedures of skin puncture
Blood typing Blood smear Malarial testing POCT Newborn screening
Components of capillary blood
Arterial blood
Venous blood
Tissue fluid
Dead epidermal cells
Puncture sites for Infants
Lateral/medial surface of the heel
Puncture site for children with small fingers but started walking
Plantar surface of the big toe
Puncture site for adults and children
Palmar surface of the distal portion of the 3rd and 4th finger
3 factors for a good venipuncture
Phlebotomists
Patient and his/her veins
Equipments
3 methods in venipuncture
Syringe
Butterfly infusion set
Vacutainer
Sites for venipuncture of newborn
External jugular vein
Temporal vein
Superior longgitudinal sinus
Site of venipuncture for 18 mons- 3 years
External jugular vein Temporal vein Femoral vein Long saptrenous vein Popliteal vein Ankle vein
Site for venipuncture of adult
Antecubital vein
Wrist vein
Dorsal hand vein
Foot
Unacceptable sites for venipucture
I.V lines in both arms Burned/scared areas Areas with hematoma Thrombosed veins Edematous areas Partial/Radical mastectomy on 1/ both arms Arm with AV shunt/fistulas Casts on arms
Complications encountered in blood collection
Ecchymosis (MC) Syncope Hematoma Failure to draw blood Petechiae Edema Obesity IV therapy Hemoconcentration Hemolysis Burned, damaged,scareed/occluded veins seizures and tremors Vomiting and choking Allergies Nastectomy pxns
Immediate local complication
Hemoconcentration Hematoma Failure to draw blood to enter the syringe Circulatory failure Syncope or fainting
Late local complication
Thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Late General complication
Hepatitis
AIDS
Inhibits the use of glucose by blood cells
Combined with Koxalate/Kedta
Ex. Sodium fluoride and lithium iodoacetate
Antiglycolitic agent
Glass/Silica particles
Clot activators
Chelation of Calcium
MC used AC in Hema
EDTA
Disadvantage of EDTA
Causes cell shrinkage and may result to falsely low HCT and ESR
Degenerative changes in the white cells such as vacuolation of the cytoplasm, more homogenous and irregularly shaped nuclei and poorly defined cytoplasmic borders
Swelling and breaking up of platelets and may result to inc. platelet count
Naturally occurring anticoagulant
Interacts with thrombin III and subsequent inhibition of thrombin
15-30 units/mL of blood
Best anticoagulant when hemolysis is required
Used in blood transfusion of patients with cardiac disease
Heparin
Advantage of heparin
Does not alter size of RBC
Disadvantages of heparin
Aggregation of white cells and platelets
Causes blue background in a wright-stained smear
Binds with calcium in a soluble complex
Best anticoagulant for coagulations
Preserves labile clotting factor V and VII
Satisfactory for platelet aggregation studies
3.2% Sodium Citrate
Disadvantage of Sodium
Not best for patients with polycythemia
Plasma mixture causes prolonged clotting time
Other names of Double Oxolate
Balanced oxalate, ammonium-potassium oxalate, wintrobe fluid, heller-paul fluid
Suitable for HgB, rbc and wbc count, HCT and blood smears
Substitute for citrate in coagulation studies
3:2
Double oxalate
Separator gel is also known as
Thixotropic Gel
An inert material that undergoes Temperature changes in viscosity during centrifugation process
Separator gel
