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Hematology > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

0
Q

Continuous, regulated process of blood cell production. These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to the circulation

A

Hematopoiesis

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1
Q

Chief site of mesoblastic period

A

Yolk sac

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2
Q

2nd week of fetal life of mesoblastic period

A

Formation of blood islands in yolk sac, aggregation of primitive cells

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3
Q

9th week fetal life of mesoblastic period

A

Development of primitive erythroblast

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4
Q

Produces Hb

A

Primitive erythroblast

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5
Q

2 epsilon and 2 zeta

A

Gower 1

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6
Q

2 alpha and 2 epsilon

A

Gower 2

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7
Q

2 zeta and 2 gamma

A

Portland

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8
Q

Hepatic period starts on what month

A

2nd month

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9
Q

Chief site of hepatic period

A

Liver

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10
Q

Chief site for medullary/myeloid period

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

Medullary/myeloid period starts on the

A

5th month of fetal life

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12
Q

Only site of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis and thrombopoiesis

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

Develops in the embryo by the hollowing out of the skeletal forming a central cavity

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

Site of blood cell development

A

Red marrow

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15
Q

Ratio of red marrow to yellow marrow

A

Indirect representation of marrow activity and is expressed as marrow cellularity

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16
Q

Increase number of cells per volume of tissue

A

Hyperplasia

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17
Q

Primary functions of spleen

A

Lymphopoiesis and phagocytosis

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18
Q

Acts as a filter to remove foreign blood contaminants

A

Lymph nodes

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19
Q

Responsible for normal development of some of the lymphocyte

A

Thymus gland

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20
Q

Found in birds with possible analogous tissue to man

A

Bursa fabricus

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21
Q

Major regulator of eryhtropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU cells and proerythroblasts

A

Erythropoietin

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22
Q

Increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryocyte CFU cells

A

Thrombopoietin

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23
Q

Increases production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte macrophae CFU Cells

A

Granulocyte CSF

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24
Q

Increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells

A

Granulocyte-macrophage CSF

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25
Q

Stimulate B and T cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF

A

Interleukins

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26
Q

Producing blood cells of all lineages; capable of self renewal (embryonal stem cell)

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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27
Q

Producing cells of multiple lineages; limited self renewal(myeloid and lymphoid)

A

Multipotent HSC

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28
Q

Producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units(erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU)

A

Committee progenitor

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29
Q

Gives rise to all formed elements

A

Hemocytoblasts

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30
Q

The developmental pathway consists of three phases:

A

Ribosome synthesis
Hb accumulation
Ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes

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31
Q

Size of Pronormoblast

A

12-25 um in diameter

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32
Q

Other name of Pronormoblast

A

Rubriblast and Proerythroblast

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33
Q

Cytoplasm of Pronormoblast

A

Deeply basophilic
Relatively small amount
Perinuclear halo

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34
Q

Nucleus of Pronormoblast

A

Large, round to sl oval
Reddish purple
1-3 nucleoli

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35
Q

1% of nucleated cells in bone

A

Pronomoblast

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36
Q

Other name of Basophilic Normoblast

A

Prorubricyte and Basophilic Erythroblast

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37
Q

Size of basophilic normoblast

A

12-17 um in diameter

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38
Q

Nucleus of Basophilic normoblast

A 
Relatively large
Round to sl oval
Coarser chromatin
Indistinct nucleoli
Occupies 75% of the cell
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39
Q

1-3% nucleated cells of bone marrow

A

Basophilic Normoblast

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40
Q

Other name of Polychromatophilic Normoblast

A

Rubricyte

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast

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41
Q

Size of Polychromatophilic Normoblast

A

12-15 um in diameter

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42
Q

Cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic Normoblast

A

Blue-gray to pink gray ( production of hemoglobin)

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43
Q

Nucleus of Polychromatophilic Normoblast

A

Round, eccentric
Smaller
More condensed
Stains deeper blue-purple

44
Q

13-30% of nucleated cells in bone marrow

A

Polychromatophilic Normoblast

45
Q

Last cell division during maturation

A

Polychromatophilic Normoblast

46
Q

Other name for Orthochromic Normoblast

A

Methrubricyte

Orthochromic Erythroblast

47
Q

Size of Orthochromic Normoblast

A

8-12 um in diameter

48
Q

Cytoplasm of Orthochromic Normoblast

A

Pinker, increased amount of Hb

49
Q

Nucleus of Orthochromic Normoblast

A

Pyknotic and eccentric

50
Q

1-4% of nucleated cell in bone marrow

A

Orthochromic Normoblast

51
Q

Nucleus is extruded at this stage

A

Orthochromic Normoblast

52
Q

Other name for Reticulocyte

A

Diffusely Basophilic Erythrocyte

Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte

53
Q

Size of Reticulocyte

A

7-10 mm in diameter

54
Q

Cytoplasm of Reticulocyte

A

Pink to pinkish grey

Still contains small amount of RNA (polychromasia)

55
Q

Nucleus of Reticulocyte

A

None

56
Q

Within 24-28 hrs, the cell loses the organelles and assumes a biconcave shape

A

Reticulocyte

57
Q

Size of Erythrocyte

A

Approximately 7.2 um in diameter

58
Q

Cytoplasm of Erythrocyte

A

Pink

59
Q

The red blood cell is non-nucleated, round and biconcave

A

Erythrocyte

60
Q

Nutritional Requirements

A

Proteins, lipids, cho
Iron, vit. B12 and folic acid
The body stores iron in Hb(65%)

61
Q

Intracellular iron is stored in protein-iron complexes such as

A

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

62
Q

Circulating iron is loosely bound to the transport protien

A

Transferrin

63
Q

Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis

Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

A

Erythropietin

64
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

Hemorrhage
Insufficient hemoglobin
Reduced availability O2

65
Q

Effects of EPO

A

More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells

Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1-2 days

66
Q

It also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

A

Testoterone

67
Q

Maintains cell shape and deformability

Osmotic balance bet. plasma and cell cytoplasm

A

Erythrocyte Membrane

68
Q

Act as a supporting skeletal system for surface antigens and receptors.
It aids in the transportation of essential cellular ions and gases.

A

Erythrocyte membrane

69
Q

Compositions of Erythrocyte Membrane

A

Proteins - 50%
Lipids - 40%
Carbohydrates - 10%

70
Q

Production of Leukocytes.

Stimulated by interleukins and colony-stimulating factors

A

Leukopoiesis

71
Q

The most important sources of cytokines

A

Macrophages and T cells

72
Q

All leukocyte originate from

A

Hemocytoblast

73
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

74
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid tissues

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B and T lymphocytes

NK killer cells

76
Q

Development of the monocyte

A

Monopoiesis

77
Q

Stages in the monocytic development are:

A

Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte

78
Q

Genesis of platelets

A

Thrombopoiesis

79
Q

Intensely basophilic(blue) because of high RNA content. Loss of blue as cell matures

A

Cytoplasmic Maturation

80
Q

Granules may appear as cell matures. 1st granules are nonspecific. Take on specific characteristics as they mature.

A

Cytoplasmic Maturation

81
Q

Relative amount of cytoplasm increases as cell matures

A

Cytoplasmic Maturation

82
Q

As cell matures, becomes smaller in size

A

Cell Size

83
Q

Immature nucleus is round or oval and large in proportion to rest of cell.

A

Nuclear maturation

84
Q

Staining properties of nuclear maturation

A

Changes from reddish purple ti bluish purple

85
Q

Nuclear chromatin changes of Nuclear maturation from?

A

Delicate and fine to coarse and clumped

86
Q

Development of granulocytes

A

Granulopoiesis

87
Q

Neutrophil contains how many lobe of nucleus

A

2-5 lobe of nuclues

88
Q

Neutrophil has primary or secondary granules

A

Pink (azurophilic granules)

Grey-blur granules

89
Q

Precursors of Neutrophil

A 
Myeloblast
Pro myeloblast
Myelocytes
Metamyelocytes
Band form
90
Q

Its special role in allergy, inflammation and parasite infection

A

Eosinophil

91
Q

Eosinophils staining granules are.

A

Coarser and more deeply red staining granules

92
Q

How many lobes of nucleus does the eosinophil have?

A

More than two lobes of nucleus

93
Q

It is occasionally seen and has the role in hypersensitivity response. Gives rise to mast cells.

A

Basophil

94
Q

The cytoplasmic of basophil appears in to be what?

A

Dark cytoplasmic granules

95
Q

It is larger than lymphocyte.

A

Monocyte

96
Q

Nucleus of monocyte appears to be what?

A

Oval or indented nucleus.

97
Q

Nucleus of lymphocyte appears to be what?

A

Dense, round, oval or slight indented

98
Q

Irregularly shaped with a single or several round or oval nuclei and with a blur, non granular cytoplasm. Nucleoli are usually present.

A

Megakaryoblast

99
Q

There are bluish granules in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus. Nucleus in the second stage of maturation has usually divided one or more times and the cell has increased in size.

A

Promegakaryoctye

100
Q

Cell is very large with relatively large amount of cytoplasm, and multiple nuclei.

A

Megakaryocyte

101
Q

Granules of megakaryocyte appears to be what?

A

Reddish-blue in color

102
Q

Three stages of maturation of megakaryocytes

A

Basophilic stage
Granular stage
Mature stage

103
Q

Megakaryocyte is small, has diploid nucleus and abundant basophilic cytoplasm.

A

Basophilic staged

104
Q

Nucleus is more polypoid, cytoplasm is more eosinophilic and granular

A

Granular stage

105
Q

Megakaryocyte is very large, with approx 16-32 nuclei, abundance of granular cytoplasm. Shedding to form platelets

A

Mature stage

106
Q

Small fragments of megakaryocytes

A

Platelets/Thrombocytes

107
Q

Granules of platelets appears to be what?

A

Blue staining outer region, purple granules

108
Q

Granules of platelets contains what?

A

Serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP and platelet-derived growth PDGF

Hematology (6 decks)

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