Hematopoiesis Flashcards
0
Q
Continuous, regulated process of blood cell production. These processes result in the formation, development, and specialization of all of the functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to the circulation
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Hematopoiesis
1
Q
Chief site of mesoblastic period
A
Yolk sac
2
Q
2nd week of fetal life of mesoblastic period
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Formation of blood islands in yolk sac, aggregation of primitive cells
3
Q
9th week fetal life of mesoblastic period
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Development of primitive erythroblast
4
Q
Produces Hb
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Primitive erythroblast
5
Q
2 epsilon and 2 zeta
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Gower 1
6
Q
2 alpha and 2 epsilon
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Gower 2
7
Q
2 zeta and 2 gamma
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Portland
8
Q
Hepatic period starts on what month
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2nd month
9
Q
Chief site of hepatic period
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Liver
10
Q
Chief site for medullary/myeloid period
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Red bone marrow
11
Q
Medullary/myeloid period starts on the
A
5th month of fetal life
12
Q
Only site of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis and thrombopoiesis
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Bone marrow
13
Q
Develops in the embryo by the hollowing out of the skeletal forming a central cavity
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Bone marrow
14
Q
Site of blood cell development
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Red marrow
15
Q
Ratio of red marrow to yellow marrow
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Indirect representation of marrow activity and is expressed as marrow cellularity
16
Q
Increase number of cells per volume of tissue
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Hyperplasia
17
Q
Primary functions of spleen
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Lymphopoiesis and phagocytosis
18
Q
Acts as a filter to remove foreign blood contaminants
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Lymph nodes
19
Q
Responsible for normal development of some of the lymphocyte
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Thymus gland
20
Q
Found in birds with possible analogous tissue to man
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Bursa fabricus
21
Q
Major regulator of eryhtropoiesis, stimulates erythroid CFU cells and proerythroblasts
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Erythropoietin
22
Q
Increases platelet production, stimulates megakaryocyte CFU cells
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Thrombopoietin
23
Q
Increases production of neutrophils, stimulates granulocyte macrophae CFU Cells
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Granulocyte CSF
24
Increases macrophage production, stimulates granulocyte-macrophage CFU cells
Granulocyte-macrophage CSF
25
Stimulate B and T cell formation, function together with G-CSF and GM-CSF
Interleukins
26
Producing blood cells of all lineages; capable of self renewal (embryonal stem cell)
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
27
Producing cells of multiple lineages; limited self renewal(myeloid and lymphoid)
Multipotent HSC
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Producing cells of one lineage, colony forming units(erythroid CFU, granulocyte-macrophage CFU)
Committee progenitor
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Gives rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts
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The developmental pathway consists of three phases:
Ribosome synthesis
Hb accumulation
Ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes
31
Size of Pronormoblast
12-25 um in diameter
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Other name of Pronormoblast
Rubriblast and Proerythroblast
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Cytoplasm of Pronormoblast
Deeply basophilic
Relatively small amount
Perinuclear halo
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Nucleus of Pronormoblast
Large, round to sl oval
Reddish purple
1-3 nucleoli
35
1% of nucleated cells in bone
Pronomoblast
36
Other name of Basophilic Normoblast
Prorubricyte and Basophilic Erythroblast
37
Size of basophilic normoblast
12-17 um in diameter
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Nucleus of Basophilic normoblast
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Relatively large
Round to sl oval
Coarser chromatin
Indistinct nucleoli
Occupies 75% of the cell
```
39
1-3% nucleated cells of bone marrow
Basophilic Normoblast
40
Other name of Polychromatophilic Normoblast
Rubricyte
| Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
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Size of Polychromatophilic Normoblast
12-15 um in diameter
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Cytoplasm of Polychromatophilic Normoblast
Blue-gray to pink gray ( production of hemoglobin)
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Nucleus of Polychromatophilic Normoblast
Round, eccentric
Smaller
More condensed
Stains deeper blue-purple
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13-30% of nucleated cells in bone marrow
Polychromatophilic Normoblast
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Last cell division during maturation
Polychromatophilic Normoblast
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Other name for Orthochromic Normoblast
Methrubricyte
| Orthochromic Erythroblast
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Size of Orthochromic Normoblast
8-12 um in diameter
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Cytoplasm of Orthochromic Normoblast
Pinker, increased amount of Hb
49
Nucleus of Orthochromic Normoblast
Pyknotic and eccentric
50
1-4% of nucleated cell in bone marrow
Orthochromic Normoblast
51
Nucleus is extruded at this stage
Orthochromic Normoblast
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Other name for Reticulocyte
Diffusely Basophilic Erythrocyte
| Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte
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Size of Reticulocyte
7-10 mm in diameter
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Cytoplasm of Reticulocyte
Pink to pinkish grey
| Still contains small amount of RNA (polychromasia)
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Nucleus of Reticulocyte
None
56
Within 24-28 hrs, the cell loses the organelles and assumes a biconcave shape
Reticulocyte
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Size of Erythrocyte
Approximately 7.2 um in diameter
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Cytoplasm of Erythrocyte
Pink
59
The red blood cell is non-nucleated, round and biconcave
Erythrocyte
60
Nutritional Requirements
Proteins, lipids, cho
Iron, vit. B12 and folic acid
The body stores iron in Hb(65%)
61
Intracellular iron is stored in protein-iron complexes such as
Ferritin and Hemosiderin
62
Circulating iron is loosely bound to the transport protien
Transferrin
63
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
| Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia
Erythropietin
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Causes of hypoxia
Hemorrhage
Insufficient hemoglobin
Reduced availability O2
65
Effects of EPO
More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells
| Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1-2 days
66
It also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males
Testoterone
67
Maintains cell shape and deformability
| Osmotic balance bet. plasma and cell cytoplasm
Erythrocyte Membrane
68
Act as a supporting skeletal system for surface antigens and receptors.
It aids in the transportation of essential cellular ions and gases.
Erythrocyte membrane
69
Compositions of Erythrocyte Membrane
Proteins - 50%
Lipids - 40%
Carbohydrates - 10%
70
Production of Leukocytes.
| Stimulated by interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
Leukopoiesis
71
The most important sources of cytokines
Macrophages and T cells
72
All leukocyte originate from
Hemocytoblast
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Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
| Thymus
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid tissues
75
Lymphocytes
B and T lymphocytes
| NK killer cells
76
Development of the monocyte
Monopoiesis
77
Stages in the monocytic development are:
Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte
78
Genesis of platelets
Thrombopoiesis
79
Intensely basophilic(blue) because of high RNA content. Loss of blue as cell matures
Cytoplasmic Maturation
80
Granules may appear as cell matures. 1st granules are nonspecific. Take on specific characteristics as they mature.
Cytoplasmic Maturation
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Relative amount of cytoplasm increases as cell matures
Cytoplasmic Maturation
82
As cell matures, becomes smaller in size
Cell Size
83
Immature nucleus is round or oval and large in proportion to rest of cell.
Nuclear maturation
84
Staining properties of nuclear maturation
Changes from reddish purple ti bluish purple
85
Nuclear chromatin changes of Nuclear maturation from?
Delicate and fine to coarse and clumped
86
Development of granulocytes
Granulopoiesis
87
Neutrophil contains how many lobe of nucleus
2-5 lobe of nuclues
88
Neutrophil has primary or secondary granules
Pink (azurophilic granules)
| Grey-blur granules
89
Precursors of Neutrophil
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Myeloblast
Pro myeloblast
Myelocytes
Metamyelocytes
Band form
```
90
Its special role in allergy, inflammation and parasite infection
Eosinophil
91
Eosinophils staining granules are.
Coarser and more deeply red staining granules
92
How many lobes of nucleus does the eosinophil have?
More than two lobes of nucleus
93
It is occasionally seen and has the role in hypersensitivity response. Gives rise to mast cells.
Basophil
94
The cytoplasmic of basophil appears in to be what?
Dark cytoplasmic granules
95
It is larger than lymphocyte.
Monocyte
96
Nucleus of monocyte appears to be what?
Oval or indented nucleus.
97
Nucleus of lymphocyte appears to be what?
Dense, round, oval or slight indented
98
Irregularly shaped with a single or several round or oval nuclei and with a blur, non granular cytoplasm. Nucleoli are usually present.
Megakaryoblast
99
There are bluish granules in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus. Nucleus in the second stage of maturation has usually divided one or more times and the cell has increased in size.
Promegakaryoctye
100
Cell is very large with relatively large amount of cytoplasm, and multiple nuclei.
Megakaryocyte
101
Granules of megakaryocyte appears to be what?
Reddish-blue in color
102
Three stages of maturation of megakaryocytes
Basophilic stage
Granular stage
Mature stage
103
Megakaryocyte is small, has diploid nucleus and abundant basophilic cytoplasm.
Basophilic staged
104
Nucleus is more polypoid, cytoplasm is more eosinophilic and granular
Granular stage
105
Megakaryocyte is very large, with approx 16-32 nuclei, abundance of granular cytoplasm. Shedding to form platelets
Mature stage
106
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Platelets/Thrombocytes
107
Granules of platelets appears to be what?
Blue staining outer region, purple granules
108
Granules of platelets contains what?
Serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP and platelet-derived growth PDGF
