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SF3- EXAM 3 (Camelita) > Introduction to GI Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to GI Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Essentially all of the digestive absorption occurs in the _______.

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

What is the largest gland associated with the oral cavity?

A

Parotid gland

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3
Q

The pharynx is considered a sphincter. What causes it to open?

A

Once food is pushed to the roof of the mouth and back, vagal afferents are sent to the swallowing center of the medulla and the vagal efferents go back to the pharynx causing it to relax and allows food to move to the esophageal region

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4
Q

What are the proximal and distal parts of the stomach responsible for respectively?

A

Proximal- Storage

Distal- Mixing and dumping into the duodenum

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5
Q

What are the two important functions of the ileum?

A
  • Reabsorption of B12
  • Reabsorption of bile salts that move into portal circulation back to the liver and start the bile secretion cycle all over again
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6
Q

Where in the abdomen is polyps disease most common?

A

Ascending colon

NOTE: Diverticulosa is common interns of the sigmoid colon

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7
Q

Which of the schincters is the abdomen is not tonically constricted?

A

Ileocecal sphinter.

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8
Q

What are the constiuents of salivia? What is the function of each?

A
  • Mucins
    • ​Lubrication
  • Amylase
    • ​Digestion of starch
  • Lipase (lingual)
    • ​Digestion of fat
  • Lysozyme
    • Antibacterial
  • IgA
    • ​Immune protection
  • Nerve growth factor​​​
  • Epidermal growth factor
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9
Q

Mechanism of salivary secretion

A

Stage 1

  • Acinar cell secrete a NaCl-rich fluid called primary saliva, which isotonic__​

​Stage 2

  • ​The primary saliva is modified and passed along the ductal tree
  • NaCl is reabsorbed
  • KHCO3 is secreted
  • Ductal epithelium is poorly permeable to H2O
  • Final saliva is hypotonic
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10
Q

How is salivary amylase activity maintained in the stomach?

A

By buffers and substrate protection

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11
Q

An ____________ is superficial to a muscularis mucosa, while a __________ extends through the muscularis mucosa.

A

Erosion; ulcer

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12
Q

Direction of slow wave propogation in colon

A
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13
Q

What are the 4 main amino acids in gastrin? How does this compare to cholecystokinin?

A

Gastrin- Trp-Met-Asp-Phe

Cholecystokinin- Gly-Trp-Met- Asp-Phe

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14
Q

What is the basic glandular structure of salivary, gastric and pancreatic cells?

A

A blind end surrounded by acinar cells

NOTE: They produce secretory polps into the blind ends of the duct. This initial solution moves down to be elaborated in the lume of the organ

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15
Q

Stimulated salivary secretio is _________- dependent.

A

Flow

NOTE: As you increae the flow rate, you will raise the pH. This is mostly determined by the increase in bicarbonate.

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of the villi found in the mucosal layer?

A

Increase the absorptive area of the small intestine

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the lining of the mucosal layer? What is the function of each?

A
  • Mucosal membrane
    • ​Detects changes of contents of the lumen
  • Lamina propria
    • ​Connective tissue layer that has an immunological function
  • Muscularis mucosa​
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18
Q

Characteristics of the vomit and stool of a person with an ulcer.

A

Vomit often has bright red blood and stool will be a tar color; this is indicative of an internal bleed

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19
Q

What are the tw components of the muscularis externa?

A
  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitundinal layer

NOTE: The principal movement of peristalsis down the GI tract is by contraction and interplay between the layers of the muscularis externa

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20
Q

The _______ is the final layer of the the GI tract made up of connective tissue coating that eventually gives way to the mesentery.

A

Serosa

NOTE: If you have an ulcer that breaks through the submucosa and gets into the peritoneal cavity, you have a problem and this needs to be surgically repaired, otherwise it can cause peritonitis.

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21
Q

What are the two nerve plexuses of the GI wall? What are the characteristics of each?

A

Myenteric plexus

  • Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
  • Involved in motor function

Submucosal plexus

  • Inner wall of the circular layer and projecting into the submucosa
  • Involved in sensory function

NOTE: The submucosal plexus sends out axons that connect to the epithelial cells that line the villi and give rise to the changes in the lumen of the intestinal tract

22
Q

Why is the sigmoid colon susceptible to diverticulitis?

A

Because of it’s relationship to hydrostatic pressure

23
Q

Why is the slow wave in the direction of the ascending colon?

A

Becuase it is the last stop for reabsorption of water and electrolytes

24
Q

What is the significance of the right hepatic flexure?

A

it is important because the colon is mostly static until appropriately stimulated and when this happens there will be mass movements at this flexure. This will push stored material across the transverse colon.

25
Q

Where is amylin localized? What us it’s function?

A

Localization: Pancreatic beta cells

Function: Satiety factor

26
Q

Where is ghrelin localized? What is it’s function?

A

Localization: CNS, stomach, intestine

Function: Released by fasting

27
Q

What is the function of pancreatic PP?

A
  • Decreses postprandial exocrine
  • Pancreatic secretion via vagal-dependent pathway
28
Q

Where is gastrin localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Antrial G cells

Function: Reguation of gastric H+

29
Q

Where is cholecystokinin localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Instestinal I cells

Function: Regulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion

30
Q

Where is somatostatin localized and what is it’s function?

A

Locatlization: Gastric D cells

Function: Pancreatic regulator of H+ and gastrin

31
Q

Where is gastrin-releasing peptide localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: GI nerves

Function: Gastrin release and acid secretion

32
Q

Where is gastric inhibitory peptide localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Intestinal K cells

Function: Regulation of insulin release/ inhibitor of H+

33
Q

Where is motilin localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: M cells

Function: Interdigestive intestinal motility

34
Q

Where is calcitonin gene-related peptide localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Primary afferents and myenteric neurons

Function: Neural mediator of primary afferents

35
Q

Where is pancreatic polypeptide-related localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Enteropancreatic endocrine cells, sympathetic neurons

Function: Neural modulation of sympathetic transmission, inhibitor of pancreas

36
Q

Where is vasoactive interstinal polypeptide localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Myenteric inhibitory motoneurons/submucosal neurons

Function: Neural inhibitor of motility/ stimulant of fluid secretion

37
Q

Where is histamine localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: ECL-cells

Function: Stimulus of gastric acid secretion

38
Q

Where is norepinephrine localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Extrinsic digestive nerves

Location: Vascular regulation

39
Q

Where is serotonin localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: EC cell of digestive tract

Function: Stimulus of peristalsis

40
Q

Where is substance P localized and what is it’s function?

A

Localization: Digestive nerves

Function: Neurotransmitter

41
Q

Which 4 amino acids are essential for the activity of gastrin?

A

Tryptophan, methionine, asparagine, and phenylalanine

42
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Tryptophan, methionine, asparagine, and phenylalanine

Tyrosine, Methionine, and glycine

43
Q

Gastrin

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Distention

Areas of Distribution

  • A,DJ

Significant Physiological Actions

  • ​Gastric acid and pepsin secretion
  • Growth of stomach and intestine mucosa
  • Gastric motility
  • Closure of lower esophogeal sphincter
44
Q

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Fat

Areas of Distribution

  • D,J,I

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • ​Gallbladder contraction
  • Relaxation sphincter of Oddi
  • Pancreatic enzyme release
  • Gastric emptying
  • Pancreatic aqueous secretion
  • Inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion
45
Q

Secretin

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Acid

Areas of Distribution

  • D,J,I

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Pancreatic aqueous secretion
  • Pancreatic enzyme secretion
  • Inhibits gastric acid and pepsin secretion
  • Inhibits gastric emptying
46
Q

GIP

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Fat, glucose

Areas of Distribution

  • D,J,I

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Inhibits gastric acid and pepsin secretion
  • Inhibits gastric emptying
  • Stimultes insulin secretion
47
Q

Somatostatin

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Acid in lumen

Areas of Distribution

  • F,A,D,J,I,C

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Inhibits gastrin, secretin, VIP, GIP, motilin
  • Inhibits gastric acid secretion
  • Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion
  • Inhibits gastric motility
48
Q

Histamine

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Injury (vagus post ganglionic)

Areas of Distribution

  • Mast cells (ECL)

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Stimulates gastric secretion of HCl and pepsin
49
Q

Motilin

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Fasting

Areas of Distribution

  • D,J,I

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Stimulates contraction of intestinal smooth muscle
50
Q

Peptide YY

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Fats, CHO in lumen

Areas of Distribution

  • I,C

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Inhibits gastric emptying
  • Inhibits interstinal transit
  • Inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions
51
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide

Stimulus for Secretion

Areas of Distribution

Signifiant Physiological Actions

A

Stimulus for Secretion

  • Vagus

Areas of Distribution

  • PP cells of Islets of Langerhan

Signifiant Physiological Actions

  • Stimulates small intestine absorption
  • inhibits pancreatic exocrine secreton
  • Inhibits pancreatic endocrine secretion

SF3- EXAM 3 (Camelita) (23 decks)

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