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HCA > Introduction to Gerontology (Final-Unit 6 to 10) > Flashcards

Introduction to Gerontology (Final-Unit 6 to 10) Flashcards

1
Q

Active living

A

use of energy in voluntary and involuntary physical and mental ways; maintain a good quality of life and independence in old age

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2
Q

Name the physical, psychological and social benefits gained through active living.

A
  • decreased body fat
  • decreased risk of medical problems
  • improved ability to breath deeply and effectively
  • improved digestion
  • increased energy
  • reduced tension
  • more restful sleep
  • increased self-confidence
  • increased sense of being in control
  • decreased depression
  • decreased pain
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3
Q

What misconception about the elderly do we still have today?

A

retirement id the pursuit of a sedentary life, doing private activities and have a passive role in society.

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4
Q

How do seniors contribute to society?

A
  • involved in formal volunteer activities (political or charitable organizations, community and school groups, board or committee members, fundraising duties)
  • involved in informal volunteer activities (visiting elders, babysitting, helping shopping, providing care)
  • attend church on regular basis
  • vote and participate in political organizations
  • hobbies, sports, socializing
  • some still employed
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5
Q

What is the first indicator of decline in older adults?

A

the inability to be independent in the completion of activities of daily living

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6
Q

True or False. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many health problems such as obesity, diabetes, pressure sores.

A

True

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7
Q

In 2011, only ____ of Canadian seniors reported that they exercise regularly.

A

half

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8
Q

Why is physical activity getting harder to do today for all ages?

A
  • movies
  • spectator sports
  • transportation like vehicles and buses instead of biking
  • elevators and escalators
  • desk jobs
  • household appliances for chores
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9
Q

True or false. Caregivers must allow the older person to be sedentary and do all their household responsibilities for them.

A

False. Something as simple as assisting with household chores enhances good functioning of the body systems and promotes a sense of worth.

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10
Q

How many minutes per day of physical activity is required?

A

30 to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity.

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11
Q

How can the intensity of the activity being performed be determined?

A

Using the test-talk where it should be possible to carry on a conversation while exercising (can be labored)

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12
Q

Which typical daily activities produce a moderate level of energy expenditure?

A
  • shopping with a cart
  • walking to mow the lawn
  • raking
  • walking at a pace of 3 miles per hour
  • gardening
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13
Q

True or False? It is never too late to start exercising.

A

True

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14
Q

How should a sedentary senior go about to have an active lifestyle?

A

1) select an appropriate and enjoyable activity

2) incorporate the activity into their daily routine

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15
Q

Name some tips for an older adult doing physical activity?

A
  • gradual increase in the amount of exercise time
  • drink water before and after exercise
  • wear clothes allowing easy movement and absorption of perspiration
  • athletic shoes providing support and protection
  • outdoor exercise avoided in extreme weather conditions
  • if pain, tightness or shortness of breath, seek help
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16
Q

What activities can older adults do to improve endurance and how often?

A
  • swimming
  • cycling
  • jogging
  • biking
    2. 5 hours per week
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17
Q

What activities can older adults do to improve flexibility and how often?

A
  • stretches
  • walking
  • yoga
    2. 5 hours per week
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18
Q

What activities can older adults do to improve strength/flexibility and how often?

A

-lifting weights
-yoga
-climbing stairs
2 times per week

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19
Q

List the factors that impact the activities of an older adult.

A

1) income
- middle income seniors participate in spectator sports, watch TV, listen to music ang going to movies
2) level of education
- little education are least likely to watch TV, listen to music and going to movies
- university degrees read books
3) gender
- women=social activities like visiting, religion, bingo
- men=competitive activities like auto repairs, gardening
4) marital status
- loss of spouse
5) age
6) health
- health problems can place limitations
7) knowledge/availability/accessibility
- reluctant to ask for help
8) retirement
- new routines, new friends
9) relocation
- moving can disrupt the usual patterns of activity
10) motivation

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20
Q

What are the benefits of mental stimulation?

A
  • reduced depression
  • feelings of excitement
  • increased happiness
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21
Q

Name leisure and activity programs in Canada to help older adults stay active.

A
  • free fishing licences in Saskatchewan
  • free entry into provincial parks in Saskatchewan
  • free camping privileges in BC
  • hunting licenses
  • gym memberships
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22
Q

List the most common health problems Canadian seniors face while living at home.

A

1) arthritis and rheumatism
2) hypertension
3) allergies
4) back problems
5) coronary artery disease
6) cataracts
7) diabetes
8) chronic bronchitis or emphysema
9) asthma
10) stroke (3rd leading cause of death in Canada)
11) Alzheimer’s and dementia (only 1% are affected)

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23
Q

Define and briefly describe osteoarthritis

A
  • fact: most common form of arthritis affecting 1 in 10 Canadians
  • cause: breakdown of cartilage protecting the ends of bones that rub together causing joint pain, swelling and stiffness
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24
Q

Define and briefly describe rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • fact: affects people of all ages (more common in women), 42% of seniors have arthritis
  • cause: may be autoimmune response, joints become inflamed and so deformed until all function is lost
  • symptoms: joint pain, tenderness, deformity, inflammation, stiff, red and warm
  • treatment: goal is to relieve pain, stop inflammation, prevent joint and organ damage
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25
Q

Define and briefly describe hypertension

A
  • fact: affects 33% of Canadian seniors, known as the “silent killer” because the person may not know until its too late
  • cause: high blood pressure
  • factors increasing the risk: age (after 35), ethnicity, family history, obesity, diabetes, stress, alcohol, smoking
  • signs and symptoms: flushed face, nosebleed, headache, fatigue, blurred vision, dizziness
  • treatment: aimed at preventing future complications by exercising, rest, less stress, stop smoking, take meds
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26
Q

Define and briefly describe allergies

A
  • fact: 20% of seniors affected
  • cause: abnormal and hypersensitive reaction to a substance that enters the body through direct contact, inhalation, injection or ingestion
  • common allergies: medications, chemicals, plants, foods, environment
  • signs and symptoms: runny nose, watery eyes, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, death
  • treatment: avoid what makes you allergic
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27
Q

Define and briefly describe coronary artery disease

A

-fact: affect 57% of seniors and first leading cause of death
-cause: clogging of the coronary arteries (blood vessels) that supply the heart with blood
-symptoms:
angina pectoris=shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, dizziness, fatigue
myocardial infarction=pain down neck and jaw, tightness, pressure, burning, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness. anxiety
-risk factors: hypertension, high blood cholesterol, lifestyle, diabetes, age, gender, family history

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28
Q

Define and briefly describe chronic bronchitis

A
  • cause: prolonged inflammation of bronchi due to infection or irritants like cigarette smoke, exposure to chemical fumes and dust
  • symptoms: dry cough that then contains mucus and pus
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29
Q

Define and briefly describe emphysema

A
  • cause: obstruction of the air flow to the alveoli which lose their elasticity and become nonfunctional ( can’t exhale)
  • factors: smoking=most common, air pollution, respiratory infections
  • symptoms: persistent moist cough, wheezing, hunched shoulders, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, anxiety
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30
Q

Define and briefly describe asthma

A
  • cause: swelling and constriction of airways, production of lots of mucus
  • factors: allergic reaction, exercise, nervous tension, stress
  • symptoms: tightness of chest, difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing
  • treatment: drugs and inhalers
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31
Q

Define and briefly describe stroke

A
  • fact: loss of brain function, women more likely to suffer and die than men, third leading cause of death
  • cause: interruption of blood flow to the brain or rupture of blood vessels in the brain
  • affects: ability to move, feel, movement, see, think, communicate, personality, emotions, behaviour
  • symptoms: weakness/numbness of face or arm or leg, confusion, trouble speaking, seeing, walking and loss of coordination
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32
Q

Define and briefly describe diabetes mellitus

A
  • fact: 37% of seniors
  • cause: unknown, body unable to use glucose due to no insulin production
  • treatment: no cure, diet, exercise and medications
  • risk factors: increased urine, thirst, hunger, unusual weight loss, fatigue, dry/itchy skin, blurry eyesight
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33
Q

Define and briefly describe catarcts

A
  • fact: eye disorder affecting 15% of seniors
  • symptoms: blurring and dimming of vision until the person is no longer able to see
  • treatment: surgery
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34
Q

Define and briefly describe dementia

A
  • conditions: Alzheimer’s disease (leading cause), Parkinson’s disease, brain tumor, trauma, medications
  • symptoms: memory loss, difficulty performing tasks, problems with language, disorientation, poor judgement, problems with abstract thinking, misplacing things, changes in mood or behavior, personality
  • some can be reversed but many become worse until they are no longer able to care for their own needs or protect themselves
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35
Q

Which disease is the first leading cause of death for seniors?

A

heart disease

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36
Q

Hypertension is defined as having a systolic blood pressure of ______ mm Hg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of _____mm Hg or higher.

A

140

90

37
Q

Several factors contribute to emphysema but the most common cause is ______.

A

smoking

38
Q

Elder abuse

A

maltreatment of older people usually by someone in a position of trust, power or responsibility

39
Q

Which group is most at risk of abuse?

A

women, old and frail elderly, the impaired

40
Q

Name the different types of abuse

A

1) physical abuse
2) psychological/emotional abuse
3) financial abuse/exploitation
4) sexual abuse
5) neglect or abandonment

41
Q

Describe physical abuse

A

inflicting pain, discomfort, injury

ex) punching, hitting, burning

42
Q

Describe psychological/emotional abuse

A

causing mental suffering through verbal assault, threats, humiliation, intimidation
ex) yelling, swearing, name calling

43
Q

Describe financial abuse/ exploitation

A

theft or misuse of senior’s possessions by manipulation, lies, threats
ex) forging a signature on pension cheque

44
Q

Describe sexual assault

A

unwanted sexual activity like verbal behaviour, fondling, sexual intercourse, lack of personal privacy

45
Q

Describe neglect or abandonment

A

failure of a caregiver to meet health and safety needs of a senior (happens more often than abuse
ex) denial of food, water, medications, treatment, clothing

46
Q

True or false. Most maltreatment is not an isolated incident, but rather repeated again and again.

A

True

47
Q

Which type of abuse is most reported and by whom?

A

neglect

80% women

48
Q

True or false? Most abuse take place in an institutional setting.

A

False. happens most often in the senior’s own home

49
Q

True or false? Abuse from non family members is more common than those related to the senior.

A

false. family members are most often the abusers (like husband or adult child responsible for the senior’s care) since they may not have the skills or resources to take on the role

50
Q

Identify the characteristics of abusers.

A
  • substance abuse
  • psychiatric disorder
  • history of violence
  • poor interpersonal relations
  • dependence on victim
  • stress and burden
51
Q

Reasons for not taking action against an abuser?

A
  • fear of being left alone or sent to nursing home
  • fear of being shunned
  • fear of being denied access to grandchildren
  • hopelessness
  • not wanting to see the abuser criticized
  • language or cultural differences making it difficult to explain the situation
  • lack of awareness of personal right and support services
  • acceptance of abuse or neglect as normal
  • low self esteem
  • fear of reprisal
52
Q

Signs and symptoms of physical abuse.

A
  • bruises, burns, swellings
  • injuries
  • frequent use of physicians or treatment facilities
  • delay in seeking treatment
  • untreated injuries
  • symmetrical grip marks
53
Q

Signs and symptoms of psychological/emotional abuse

A
  • fear
  • low self esteem
  • helplessness
  • withdrawal
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • reluctance to participate
  • appears nervous
54
Q

Signs and symptoms of financial abuse/ exploitation

A
  • unexplained discrepancy between unknown income and standard of living
  • unpaid bills
  • signing of documents without full understanding
  • missing possessions
  • unusual bank account activity
  • home is sold unexpectedly
55
Q

Signs and symptoms of sexual abuse

A
  • pain, bruising, bleeding, abnormal discharge
  • torn and stained underclothing
  • difficulty walking or sitting
56
Q

Signs and symptoms of neglect/abandonment

A
  • consistent hunger, dehydration, weight loss
  • poor hygiene
  • inappropriate dress
  • missing dentures
  • unattended medical conditions
  • unwanted use of restrains
  • lack of supervision/ attention
57
Q

Name the most common abusive acts of caregivers in institutions.

A
  • excessive use of restraints
  • pushing
  • yelling
  • swearing
  • theft of patient’s things
  • handling roughly
  • providing care when the patient does not want it
  • leaving the patient in soiled linen
  • not calling the patient by the name he/she prefers
58
Q

Signs indicating an abusive health care provider

A
  • patient’s account of what happened is different than the caregiver
  • caregiver not credible
  • gives a bizarre and vague explanation
  • patient is afraid, paranoid, depressed, withdrawn, angry
59
Q

Strategies to ensure own behaviour toward residents is not abusive

A
  • talk to co-workers
  • leave for a while if resident is resisting care
  • take a time out
  • apologize
  • ensure you know the policies and procedures of institution
  • treat resident with respect
60
Q

Why would a health care provider be reluctant to report abuse?

A
  • feel powerless
  • abuse seems to be an accepted part of the care in the institution
  • may not realize what was observed was actually abuse
  • fear of being labelled as a rat or squealer
61
Q

What is the Protection of Persons in Care Act?

A

mandatory to report suspected abuse of a person who is receiving care in a personal care home, hospital or other health care facility

62
Q

Name and describe briefly the resources in the community that offer information/support regarding abuse.

A

1) Manitoba Seniors Abuse Support Line
- one stop information resource on elder abuse
- provide education and training, assist communities ensuring services and support
2) Manitoba Seniors Directorate
- works directly with communities, health care professionals, social service workers,etc to increase awareness of elder abuse and how to respond to complaints

63
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Council on Aging

A

-advisory body to Manitoba government on issues, concerns and needs of seniors

64
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Seniors and Healthy Aging Secretariat

A
  • provides support to Minister responsible for seniors ensuring concerns are reflected
  • central source of information and referral for seniors and families
65
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Seniors Guide

A

-list helpful programs, services, resources available like financial benefits, housing, health care services, counseling, fitness and recreation, etc

66
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Handi Transit

A

-special transportation services for seniors and handicapped people

67
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Meals on Wheels

A

-hot meals delivered to homes who are unable to prepare their own due to age, disability, etc

68
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Personal Emergency Response Systems

A

-province-wide program with 24 hour personal response services for those that live independently and at risk

69
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Independent Living Resource Centre

A

-provides information and referral services, skills, training workshops, problem-solving methods,etc

70
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Telecom Services

A

-offers customers with hearing, speech, motion or vision disabilities some equipment like big-button telephones for communication

71
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Home Care Program

A

-helps elderly and disabled to stay in their own homes and communities by providing personal care assistance, health care, home support, family relief and respite care

72
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Health-Insured Benefits Branch

A
  • all Manitobans are covered by the health insurance plan administered by Manitoba Health
  • benefits include hospital coverage, medical services, prosthetics, prescriptions, etc
73
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Canadian Red Cross Society

A

-provides short-term loans of walking aids like wheelchairs, walkers, canes, crutches

74
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Seniors Information Line

A

-provide easy access for seniors to government departments, programs and information

75
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Manitoba Society of Seniors

A
  • represent Manitobans age 55+ by advocating their needs and concerns, promoting positive image of older adults
  • publishes monthly tabloid covering health, education, housing and active living
76
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Creative Retirement Manitoba

A
  • encourages healthy living, personal growth, lifelong learning and social interaction for seniors
  • educational programs offered
77
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Age and Oppertunity

A
  • community of committed seniors working to develop and provide a wide range of services and opportunities
  • seniors come together to services and activities to support their independence and overall well-being
78
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: Health Canada Division of Aging and Seniors

A
  • center of expertise and focal point for info on aging
  • sharing of concerns and factors to promote health in old age and those leading to illness, disability and death
  • provides support to the National Advisory Council on Aging
  • develops and disseminates resources to enhance autonomy and health of seniors
79
Q

Community resources and programs for Manitoba seniors: National Advisory Council on Aging

A
  • advises the Minister of Health on all matters related to aging and quality of life for seniors
  • maintains Canadian Seniors Policies and Programs Database
80
Q

With people living _____ and families having ______ children, a dramatic growth in seniors’ population will eventually reach _____ of all Canadians.

A

longer
fewer
1/4

81
Q

In 2041, how many seniors will there be?

A

10 million

82
Q

True or false. Canadian seniors are living longer, are in better physical and mental condition, and their economic situation has improved.

A

True

83
Q

What are the six themes covered in the report 1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society

A

1) Diversity of Seniors
2) Health and Well-Being
3) Maintaining Autonomy
4) Financial Security
5) Work and Transition to Retirement
6) Intergenerational Issues

84
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Diversity of Seniors

A
  • challenge stereotype that all seniors look and act the same
  • they are a diverse group with many factors and life experiences like health, marital status, housing, income and ethnicity
  • women (58% of senior population) have a longer life expectancy than men, so more likely to be widowed
  • immigrants (27% of senior population) not entitled to Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement until lived in Canada for 10 years
  • 24% of seniors live in rural or remote areas
85
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Health and Well-Being

A
  • stereotype: old age means poor health
  • in fact: older adults often lead healthier lifestyles than other age groups
  • life expectancy at age 65 is 18.4 years
  • disease later in life is more often chronic than acute
  • majority of seniors consider themselves in good health
  • strong social networks means lower mortality and better physical/mental health
  • leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease
  • at 60+, 80% of deaths from cancer
  • more than 80% of population 75+ is affected by arthritis
  • falls account for 84% of injury-related hospital admissions
  • Canadians are becoming more interested in alternative medicine
86
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Maintaining Autonomy

A
  • 93% of seniors live in private dwellings in the community rather than institutions
  • decrease in rate of admission to institutions for seniors with less serious health issues
  • chronic health problems like Alzheimers is more common in seniors living in institutions
  • informal caregivers provide 80% of home care
87
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Financial Security

A
  • financial status of seniors improved
  • those alone have lower income
  • Old Age Security and Canada Pension Plans represent 49% of overall income for seniors
  • men benefit more than women from private pension plans
88
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Work and Transition to Retirement

A
  • job shortages, attractive retirement benefits and negative stereotypes lead seniors to retirement
  • next generation of retirees will be much larger than young entering the labour market
  • women under 45 in work force expected to fall
  • those adjusting well to retirement are in good health, have sufficient income, satisfactory family life, participate in community activities
  • seniors contribute significantly to community through volunteer and charity
89
Q

1999 and Beyond/Challenges of an Aging Canadian Society Themes: Intergenerational Issues

A
  • concern: seniors are using more than their fair share of society’s resources
  • misconception: seniors need to be cared for, in fact its the younger generation seeking help from parents for help

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