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Dentistry Yr 1 > Introduction to Fluoride > Flashcards

Introduction to Fluoride Flashcards

1
Q

What is dental caries caused by?

A
  • interaction of carcinogenic bacteria with carbohydrates on the tooth surface
  • carcinogenic bacteria metabolise carbohydrates for energy and produce organic acids
  • the acids lower the pH of the plaque biofilm
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2
Q

What is the hydroxyapatite of tooth enamel composed by?

A
  • phosphate ions
  • calcium ions
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3
Q

What is the critical pH level in enamel and dentine?

A

enamel = 5.5
dentine = 6.5

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4
Q

What happens once the pH drops below the critical level?

A
  • causes the dissolution of hydroxyapatite (tooth mineral)
  • process is called demineralisation
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5
Q

When does remineralisation occur?

A
  • when the buffer of saliva elevates pH
  • minerals are reincorporated into the tooth
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6
Q

What is the primary mineral source of fluorine?

A
  • fluroite
  • fluropatite and cryolite also used
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7
Q

What foods are high in fluoride?

A
  • fluoridated water
  • tea
  • grape juice
  • chicken
  • sardines
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8
Q

What did the original debate for how fluoride worked?

A

thought that fluoride had to be ingested and acts pre-eruptively

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9
Q

What has recent research concluded on fluoride?

A
  • the caries-preventative effect of fluoride is almost exclusively post-eruptive
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10
Q

What supports the posteruptive fluoride effect theory?

A
  • in vitro laboratory investigations
  • demonstrating that the mode of action of fluoride can be attributed mainly to its influence of de and remineralisation kinetics of hard tissues
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11
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of fluoride in preventing dental caries?

A
  • Topical application
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12
Q

How does fluoride act to prevent dental caries?

A
  • enhances remineralisation of the tooth enamel (most important effect)
  • it inhibits demineralisation of the tooth enamel
  • makes carcinogenic bacteria less able to produce acid from carbohydrates
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13
Q

What did early studies of water fluoridation show?

A
  • the anterior teeth had a greater reduction in caries
  • water being drunk came into contact with anterior teeth more often
  • reducing caries in anterior teeth more then posterior teeth
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14
Q

What happens to the tooth in the presence of the fluoride ion?

A
  • the OH- ion is replaced by the fluoride ion
  • producing fluoropatite
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15
Q

How does producing fluorapatite help the tooth?

A
  • it is more resistant to acid demineralisation than hydroxyapatite
  • teeth developed in the presence of fluoride have more well coalesced grooves on the occlusal surfaces and fewer pits and fissures
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16
Q

When does the demineralisation of teeth occur?

A
  • sugar enters the oral cavity
  • bacteria on the surface of teeth form biofilm creating plaque
  • bacteria covert sugar to acid
  • causes pH in mouth to fall below 5.5
  • hydroxyapatite begins to dissolve
17
Q

What is fluorides critical pH?

A

4.5

18
Q

How does fluoride work?

A
  • F- binds to the remineralising surface of enamel
  • induces the preferential formation of fluorapatite in place of hydroxyapatite
19
Q

Fluoride working:

A
20
Q

What do fluoride ions do in remineralisation?

A
  • replaces the OH- groups in hydroxyapatite to make fluroapatite
  • which rebuilds the surface of teeth
21
Q

Remineralisation:

A
22
Q

What happens when the tooth surface becomes acidic?

A
  • phosphate in oral fluids combines with hydrogen H+ ions
  • forming various hydrogen phosphate species
  • causing phosphate to be pulled from tooth enamel
  • restoring phosphate levels in the saliva and hydroxyapatite dissolves
  • as pH returns to normal calcium and phosphate in saliva recrystallise
  • into hydroxyapatite, remineralising the enamel
23
Q

What is fluoride absorbed more readily by?

A
  • Demineralised enamel than by sound enamel
24
Q

What does dental plaque contain?

A
  • 10 mg F/kg weight in low fluoride regions and approx
  • 20 mg F/kg in fluoridated communities
25
Q

What does fluoride in plaque do?

A
  • Inhibits glycolysis in cariogenic bacteria
26
Q

What is the difference between fluoride in water and saliva?

A
  • fluoride in saliva has a lower conc then fluoride conc in water
27
Q

What happens to salivary fluoride levels after brushing with fluoridated tooth paste?

A
  • Can escalate to 100 to 1000 fold and return to normal after 1-2 hours
28
Q

When was fluoride introduced to dentistry?

A

70 years ago

29
Q

What can excessive fluoride intake cause during tooth development?

A
  • Dental fluorosis
30
Q

What can topical fluoride provide?

A
  • Antimicrobial action
31
Q

What does dental fluorosis cause?

A
  • mild= white spots on the tooth surface that may be barely noticeable and do not affect dental function.
  • Moderate and severe- cause more extensive enamel changes.
  • rare, severe form- pits may form in the teeth
  • severe form hardly ever occurs in communities where the level of fluoride in water is less than 2 milligrams per litre

Dentistry Yr 1 (20 decks)

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