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MCBG > Introduction to DNA > Flashcards

Introduction to DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What is heterochromatin and what does it look like under an electron microscope?

A

Densely packed form of chromatin

Looks darker

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2
Q

What is euchromatin and what does it look like under an electron microscope?

A

Lightly packed form of chromatin

Looks lighter

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3
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Right handed double helix

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

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5
Q

How do you fit 2 metres of DNA into a 6 micrometre cell nucleus?

A

DNA is wrapped around histones to form a nucleosome

30nm of nucleosomes is a solenoid

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6
Q

What is the human genome?

A

The entire DNA sequence of a human

22 and 2 sex chromosomes

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7
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

Linear polymer of nucleotides

E.g. DNA and RNA

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9
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Sugar and base

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10
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, base and phosphate

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11
Q

Which is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Ribose has two OH on carbon 2 and 3

Deoxyribose has a H and OH on carbons 2 and 3

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12
Q

What bond links together nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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13
Q

What bases are purine?

A

Adenine and guanine

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14
Q

What bases are pyrimidine?

A

Thymine, cytosine and uracil

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15
Q

What is at the 5’ end of a DNA chain?

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

What is at the 3’ end of DNA?

A

OH

17
Q

What are the complementary base pair rules and how many hydrogen bonds form between them?

A

Adenine and thymine or uracil- 2

Guanine and cytosine- 3

18
Q

How do DNA strands connect?

A

Complimentary and antiparallel

19
Q

Which way of a DNA strand is left to right?

A

5’ to 3’

By convention top strand is this direction

20
Q

Where are cell cycle checkpoints?

A

Between G1 and S

Between G2 and mitosis

21
Q

What is the name of DNA replication?

A

Semi-conservative

22
Q

What enzyme catalyses DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

23
Q

What happens in the initiation stage of DNA replication?

A

recognise origin of replication

primase kicks starts process as DNA polymerase can only extend the 3’ end and shows where to start

24
Q

What happens in the elongation stage of DNA replication?

A 
Moving replication fork
Helicase unwinds double helix
DNA polymerase extends 3' end only
lagging strand uses fragments of DNA called ozkazaki fragments- use primers 
RNA Primers are replaced with DNA 
DNA ligaments joins the fragments
25
Q

What happens in the termination stage of DNA replication?

A

When two facing replication forks meet DNA ligase joins final fragments

26
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

When chromosomes are connected by the centromere, they are the two arms
If not connected by centromere a chromatid is a chromosome

MCBG (19 decks)

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